Plus: New details of ICE’s dragnet surveillance in the US, Clearview AI agrees to limit sales of its faceprint database, and more.

A group of human rights lawyers and investigators called on the Hague this week to bring what would be the first ever “cyber war crimes” charges. The group is urging the International Criminal Court to bring charges against the dangerous and destructive Russian hacking group known as Sandworm, which is run by Russia’s military intelligence agency GRU. Meanwhile, activists are working to block Russia from using satellites controlled by the French company Eutelsat to broadcast its state-run propaganda programming.

Researchers released findings this week that thousands of popular websites record data that users type into forms on the site before they hit the Submit button—even if the user closes the page without submitting anything. Google released a report on an in-depth security analysis it conducted with the chipmaker AMD to catch and fix flaws in specialty security processors used in Google Cloud infrastructure. The company also announced a slew of privacy and security features for its new Android 13 mobile operating system along with a vision for making them easier for people to understand and use.

The European Union is considering child protective legislation that would require scanning private chats, potentially undermining end-to-end encryption at a massive scale. Plus, defenders from the cybersecurity nonprofit BIO-ISAC are racing to protect the bioeconomy from digital threats, announcing a partnership this week with Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab that will help fund pay-what-you-can incident response resources.

But wait, there’s more. Each week we round up the news that we didn’t break or cover in-depth. Click on the headlines to read the full stories. And stay safe out there.

The United States is completing development of a new generation of high-security encryption standards that will be robust in the current technical climate and are designed to be resistant to circumvention in the age of quantum computing. And while the National Security Agency contributed to the new standards' creation, the agency says it has no special means of undermining the protections. Rob Joyce, the NSA’s director of cybersecurity, told Bloomberg this week, “There are no backdoors." The NSA has been implicated in schemes to backdoor encryption before, including in a situation in the early 2010s in which the US removed an NSA-developed algorithm as a federal standard over backdoor concerns.

An extensive investigation by Georgetown Law’s Center on Privacy & Technology reveals a more detailed picture than ever of US Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency surveillance capabilities and practices. According to the report, published this week, ICE began developing its surveillance infrastructure at the end of the George W. Bush administration, years before it was previously thought to have begun these efforts. And researchers found that ICE spent $2.8 billion on surveillance technology, including face recognition, between 2008 and 2021. ICE was already known for its aggressive and invasive surveillance tactics during the Donald Trump administration’s anti-immigration crackdowns, but the report also argues that ICE has “played a key role in the federal government’s larger push to amass as much information as possible” about people in the United States.

“Our two-year investigation, including hundreds of Freedom of Information Act requests and a comprehensive review of ICE’s contracting and procurement records, reveals that ICE now operates as a domestic surveillance agency,” the report says. “By reaching into the digital records of state and local governments and buying databases with billions of data points from private companies, ICE has created a surveillance infrastructure that enables it to pull detailed dossiers on nearly anyone, seemingly at any time.”

In a legal settlement this week, the face recognition and surveillance startup Clearview AI agreed to a set of restrictions on its business in the US, including that it won’t sell its faceprint database to businesses or individuals in the country. The company says it has more than 10 billion faceprints in its arsenal belonging to people around the world and collected through photos found online. The settlement comes after the American Civil Liberties Union accused Clearview of violating the Illinois Biometric Information Privacy Act. The agreement also stipulates that the company won’t be allowed to sell access to its database in Illinois for five years. “This settlement demonstrates that strong privacy laws can provide real protections against abuse,” Nathan Freed Wessler, a deputy director of the ACLU Speech, Privacy, and Technology Project said in a statement. Despite the privacy win, Clearview may continue to sell its services to federal law enforcement, including ICE, and police departments outside of Illinois.

Costa Rican president Rodrigo Chaves said on Sunday that the country was declaring a national emergency after the notorious Conti ransomware gang infected multiple government agencies with malware last week. Sunday was the first day of Chaves' presidency. Conti leaked some of a 672 GB trove of stolen data from multiple Costa Rican agencies. In April, the Costa Rican social security administration had announced that it was the victim of a Conti attack. “At this time, a perimeter security review is being carried out on the Conti Ransomware, to verify and prevent possible attacks," the agency tweeted at the time.

The NSA Swears It Has ‘No Backdoors’ in Next-Gen Encryption

Russia is using satellites controlled by French operator Eutelsat to broadcast state-run programming. A grassroots group is pushing for that to stop.

“If the European authorities impose new sanctions against Russian channels, we will stop their broadcast,” the company said. It added: “At this stage, no regulator or other competent authority has asked us to stop broadcasting private Russian television channels in Russia.”

Philipoff and Lange have been turning their appeal to politicians, but with minimal effect. “We sent letters to all French members of the European Parliament,” Lange says. “Not a single answer.”

How, exactly, Paris or Brussels might force Eutelsat to block those Russian channels is an open question. Lange and Philipoff say that if the European Parliament can ban the English-language Sputnik and RT stations from their airwaves, sanctions should have the power to remove Russian-language TV from their satellites. In May, European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen told the EU Parliament they would ban three new broadcasters “in whatever shape or form, be it on cable, via satellite, on the internet, or via smartphone apps.”

Politico has reported that those three broadcasters are Russian-language news networks that reach Europe, with some help from Eutelsat’s satellites.

Eutelsat told WIRED, “We are aware of the European Union's intention to sanction three Russian channels, two of which are broadcast on our satellites, and we are ready to immediately cease broadcasting them as soon as the corresponding European regulation is published.”

The United States recently slapped sanctions on three Russian-language TV stations, including NTV (the flagship station of provider NTV+), after concluding that they are “spreading disinformation to bolster Putin’s war.” Those sanctions are likely to have an impact on their foreign revenue, but not on their Russian operations.

Going after the satellites themselves would be a hugely disruptive escalation. Moscow and Kyiv are already taking aim at each others’ satellite communications.

Western intelligence agencies say, in the hours before its invasion, Russian hackers took aim at American satellite provider Viasat. “Although the primary target is believed to have been the Ukrainian military, other customers were affected, including personal and commercial internet users,” the UK’s National Cyber Center said in a joint statement with the US and EU.

Earlier this week, just ahead of Russia’s Victory Day celebrations—which offered Moscow a prime opportunity to project strength amidst its stalled war—the State Special Communications Service of Ukraine announced that “\[television\] broadcast from the Russian satellite to the occupied Ukrainian regions was unexpectedly turned off.”

As WIRED has reported, Ukraine is aggressively deploying American- and European-provided Starlink terminals, while Russian satellite communications remain troubled.

European cooperation isn’t limited to Eutelsat’s satellite television. Eutelsat owns two subsidiaries in Russia, including home internet provider Konnect. In turn, the Russian state satellite operator owns a small stake in Eutelsat itself. (Corporate documents say most of tje 3.62 percent ownership stake corresponds to the Russian Satellite Communications Company, or RSCC.)

Meanwhile, some two dozen countries make up the Moscow-based Intersputnik consortium, primarily in Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. Its members include the Czech Republic, Romania, Germany, and Ukraine. In 2020, France announced its intention to join Intersputnik.

Intersputnik managed part of the Soviet Union’s satellite fleet, before being privatized after the fall of the USSR. Moscow’s influence on the organization is fairly apparent: The chair of its board is a senior civil servant in the Russian government.

As the West continues its messy divorce with Russia, an organization like Intersputnik could allow Russia to launch and maintain satellite service, underpinning not just television, but internet service, military communications, and geospatial imaging.

The Diderot Committee’s Lange and Philipoff hope that this current fight could enable more open flows of information in the future—that’s what informs the tongue-in-cheek name of their group. As its website explains: “On July 6, 1762, just nine days after the coup d’état of June 28 that put her on the throne, Catherine II invited the French philosopher Denis Diderot to come to Russia in order to publish _L’encyclopédie_, which had been banned in Paris. Diderot accepted her invitation and arrived in St. Petersburg in October of 1773."

Had Russia not pushed back against France’s censorship, the _Encyclopédie_, one of the most important works of the Enlightenment, may have never been published.

How One Company Helps Keep Russia’s TV Propaganda Machine Online

A biotech threat intelligence group is gaining supporters as urgency mounts around an overlooked vulnerable sector.

A new partnership between the cybersecurity nonprofit Bioeconomy Information Sharing and Analysis Center (BIO-ISAC) and the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), which works on emerging research with US government agencies, is highlighting the need for more resources to better secure biomedical, bioindustrial, and biomanufacturing entities.

The Covid-19 pandemic sparked regular people around the world to think about the logistics of vaccine development and production in a tangible and immediate way. But the so-called bioeconomy is silently embedded everywhere, from breeding programs used in agriculture to the development of biofuels. And as industry after industry faces a reckoning about the state of their cybersecurity defenses, researchers are increasingly realizing that the bioeconomy is vulnerable. During the pandemic, for example, Russia, China, and other state actors raced to hack vaccine makers and distributors for intelligence gathering, in a scramble that US officials warned could have been disruptive.

“A lot of the bioeconomy is small companies; that’s the real lifeblood of American biotech,” says BIO-ISAC cofounder Charles Fracchia. “Imagine if Moderna got hacked four years ago, even with some totally non-sophisticated malware, or they faced a ransomware attack. Small companies can go bankrupt really easily, and then we lose the work they're doing for the future. I'm very grateful that APL understood the mission of the BIO-ISAC and joined as a founding member. They want to help.”

Information sharing and analysis centers exist for many industries, from financial services to health care. And Charles Frick, a principal staff member at APL, says that the lab has been supporting ISACs and collaborating with them for many years. During the George W. Bush and Barack Obama administrations, Frick says, APL collaborated with the Department of Homeland Security and the National Security Agency to study the most efficient methods for large-scale threat intelligence sharing and security automation. APL participated in a 2018 financial services pilot for automatically screening and processing machine-readable threat intelligence data in which a process that had one taken 14 hours got whittled down to eight minutes.

All of this matters, because digital attacks on critical services and trends in attacks creep up quickly. The more information an organization can not only gather but also share, the better chance others have of defending themselves against similar hacks. APL's funding for the BIO-ISAC will go toward regular operations, including research, information sharing, and public disclosures. And crucially, it will also support incident response services the BIO-ISAC is launching so biotech and biomanufacturing organizations have someone to call if they're dealing with a digital attack or otherwise suspect that something is wrong. The services will be pay what you can to make them accessible to as many organizations as possible. Depending on demand, though, the BIO-ISAC may not have the capacity immediately to respond to every request. But the group hopes to begin filling a crucial gap in the services that are currently available.

“As we start identifying threats, it's a natural fit for us to say, well, we have an existing set of capabilities and skills that can be applied to this area, and we've demonstrated our ability to work with ISACs in collaboration," says Brian Haberman, an APL program area manager. "So this accomplishes our mission of supporting national priorities in a much faster way when you’re not going it alone. It's the biggest bang for your buck."

A few years ago, the idea of designating US election systems as government “critical infrastructure” was controversial to some. The designation simply unlocks funding and expanded resources from US government agencies, including the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, for critical sectors that work in the public interest. But while health care, food, and agriculture industries obviously have critical infrastructure designations that cover parts of the bioeconomy, the sector as a whole doesn't specifically have its own designation. Instead the US government has classified the bioeconomy with a “critical emerging tech” label.  As a result, groups like the BIO-ISAC are working ad hoc in a largely open field.

“The bioeconomy is an emerging sector of our economy if we really want to make meaningful change and impact, now is the time to get involved—not after it’s already this big thing and we try to go in reverse," says Andrew Kilianski, senior director for emerging infectious diseases at the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative. "We’ve done some of these sectors where we try to build out IT infrastructure and cybersecurity defenses later and it doesn’t work well." Kiliansk worked closely with the US government's Covid Operation Warp Speed initiative and a new member of the BIO-ISAC's national security advisory board.

“There's that squishy, beautiful life sciences spirit that, hey, we share everything, we’re open," Kilianski adds. "But now these discoveries have huge commercial value, not just societal value, and that makes all of this even more sensitive.”

The Hidden Race to Protect the US Bioeconomy From Hacker Threats

A group of human rights lawyers and investigators has called on the Hague to bring the first-ever “cyber war crimes” charges against Russia’s most dangerous hackers.

For weeks, evidence has been piling up of the Russian military's apparent war crimes in the midst of its brutal invasion of Ukraine: mass graves, bombed hospitals, even makeshift torture chambers. But amidst those atrocities—and the push to hold the perpetrators accountable—one group is making the counterintuitive case that another arm of the Russian military should be included in any international war crimes charges: the Kremlin's most disruptive and dangerous hackers.

In late March, a group of human rights lawyers and investigators in the Human Rights Center at UC Berkeley's School of Law sent a formal request to the Office of the Prosecutor for the International Criminal Court (ICC) in the Hague. It urges the ICC to consider war crime prosecutions of Russian hackers for their cyberattacks in Ukraine—even as the prosecutors gather evidence of more traditional, ongoing war crimes there. Specifically, the Human Rights Center's international criminal investigations team points in its detailed brief to Sandworm, a notorious group of hackers within Russia's GRU military intelligence agency, and to two of Sandworm's most egregious acts of cyberwarfare: blackouts that those hackers triggered by targeting electric utilities in Western Ukraine in December 2015 and in the capital, Kyiv, a year later, affecting hundreds of thousands of civilians.

The Berkeley group's document was sent under a provision of the Rome Statute treaty, which gives the ICC its authority, allowing recommendations from nongovernmental organizations. It asks the ICC's prosecutor, Karim Khan, “to expand the scope of his investigation to include the cyber domain in addition to traditional domains of warfare–land, air, maritime, and space–given the Russian Federation’s history of hostile cyber activities in Ukraine.” The brief acknowledges that charges against Sandworm would represent the first case of “cyber war crimes” ever brought by the ICC. But it argues that precedent would help not only to seek justice for those harmed by Sandworm's cyberattacks, but also to deter future, potentially worse cyberattacks affecting critical civilian infrastructure around the world.

“In fact, in the absence of consequences or any mechanisms for meaningful accountability, State-sponsored cyberattacks have escalated in the shadows,” reads the Human Rights Center's Article 15 document sent to the ICC and shared with WIRED. “An investigation into Russia’s hostile cyber operations would shine a light on tactics against which few civilians know how to protect themselves.”

Lindsay Freeman, the director of technology, law, and policy at the Human Rights Center, tells WIRED the ICC prosecutor's office responded privately to the group, saying it had received and is considering the group's recommendations. The ICC prosecutor's office didn't respond to WIRED's request for comment.

Freeman argues that the ICC prosecutor's office, which has been investigating ongoing war crimes in Russia's Ukraine invasion—along with the governments of Ukraine, Poland, and Lithuania and the European law enforcement agency—needs to demonstrate that its remit includes cyberattacks that violate the international laws of armed conflict. “We would like to make sure they're seeing the cyber domain as an actual domain of warfare, because in this case, it truly is,” says Freeman. She emphasizes that any cyber war crime charges should be in addition to, not instead of, charges for the ongoing massacres, reckless killing of civilians, and mass deportations in Ukraine. But she adds that “the only way you can properly investigate and understand this conflict is through seeing not just what's happening in the physical world, but also what's happening in the cyber and information spaces, and this is not something war crimes investigators have ever paid attention to.”

Since Russia's last major invasion of Ukraine began in 2014, Russia has targeted the country with a years-long bombardment of cyberattacks of a kind never before seen in history. The GRU's Sandworm hackers alone have attempted three blackouts in the country—at least two of which succeeded; destroyed the networks of media outlets, private companies, and government agencies in targeted attacks; and in 2017 released the destructive, self-spreading NotPetya malware that infected hundreds of organizations across Ukraine and eventually many more around the world, causing a record-breaking $10 billion in damage.

With the current, larger-scale invasion Russia launched on February 24, the Kremlin's state-sponsored hackers have unleashed a broad new campaign of destructive hacking against hundreds of Ukrainian targets, often carefully coordinated with physical military tactics. That new barrage included one cyberattack in which GRU hackers targeted Viasat satellite systems, knocking out broadband connections across Ukraine and Europe, including those of thousands of wind turbines in Germany.

Freeman says that the UC Berkeley Human Rights Center's recommendations for war crime charges, which was sent to the ICC before some of the most recent cyberattacks fully came to light, single out Sandworm's two blackout attacks in 2015 and 2016 for legal and practical reasons: They've already been thoroughly investigated and pinned on Sandworm's hackers through both private sector and government detective work. Six of the group's hackers were indicted by the US Department of Justice in October 2020 with a long rap sheet that includes those blackouts. The cyberattacks occurred in the early years of Russia's war in Ukraine, during active fighting in the eastern region of the country, which makes it easier to argue they occurred in the context of a military conflict and thus constitute a war crime. They have a clear civilian target, given that no military operations were occurring in Western Ukraine or Kyiv at the times of the blackouts there. And perhaps most importantly, they had a clear and direct physical result, which makes for a simpler case that they were equivalent to the sort of physical attacks that war crimes tribunals have charged in the past.

On top of all of that, Freeman points to the seriousness of Sandworm's attacks on civilian power grids. In the 2016 incident in Kyiv in particular, the hackers used a piece of malware known as Industroyer or Crash Override to automatically trigger that power outage. Although that blackout in Ukraine's capital lasted only about an hour, a 2019 analysis of the attack found that a component of the malware intended to disable safety systems was designed to cause physical destruction of electrical equipment, and only failed due to a misconfiguration in the malware. “A cyber weapon that is able to interact with an actual electrical system or an industrial control system and result in kinetic harm is extremely dangerous,” says Freeman. “The power grid attacks are the ones that really cross the line where it's clear we should just say, ‘No state should be attacking critical infrastructure for civilians.’”

If war crimes charges could serve as a punitive measure capable of deterring that sort of critical infrastructure cyberattack, it makes sense to bring them against a group like Sandworm now, says John Hultquist, who leads threat intelligence at cybersecurity firm Mandiant and has tracked Sandworm for the better part of a decade, even naming the group in 2014. The Biden administration has repeatedly warned that Western sanctions against Russia may lead the country to lash out with cyberattacks against targets in the United States or Europe. “We need to be doing everything we can right now to prepare for Sandworm or deter them,” says Hultquist. “If you're going to do this, now is the time.”

On the other hand, Hultquist, a combat veteran who served in Afghanistan and Iraq, also wonders whether cyber war crimes should be a priority given Russia's ongoing physical war crimes in Ukraine. “There's a stark difference between cyberattacks and attacks on the physical ground right now,” he says. “You simply cannot achieve the same effects with cyberattacks that you can when you're bombing things and tanks are rolling down streets.”

Berkeley's Freeman agrees that any ICC charges against Sandworm for cyber war crimes shouldn't detract or distract from its investigation of traditional war crimes in Ukraine. But those ongoing, on-the-ground war crime investigations are likely to take years to bear fruit, she says; the investigation and prosecution of war crimes in Yugoslavia's 1990s conflict, for instance, took decades. Freeman argues that prosecuting Sandworm for Russia's 2015 and 2016 cyberattacks, by contrast, would be “low-hanging fruit,” given the evidence already assembled by security researchers and Western governments of the group's culpability. That means it could offer immediate results while other Russian war crimes investigations continue. “A lot of what you need to try this case is there,” says Freeman. “You could bring this case to get _some_ justice, as a first step, while other investigations are ongoing.”

Sandworm's hackers already face criminal charges in the US. And last month, the State Department went so far as to issue a bounty of up to $10 million for information that could lead to the capture of the six hackers. But Freeman argues that the gravity of convicting the hackers as war criminals would have a larger deterrent effect, and might help actually lead to their arrest, as well. She points out that 123 countries are parties to the Rome Statute and obliged to help capture convicted war criminals—including some countries that don't have extradition treaties with the United States, such as Switzerland, Ecuador, and Cuba, which might otherwise serve as safe havens for the hackers.

If ICC prosecutors did bring war crimes charges against Sandworm for its blackout attacks, the case would have to clear certain legal hurdles, says Bobby Chesney, director of the Strauss Center for International Security and Law at the University of Texas Law School. They'd have to convince the court that the attacks occurred in the context of war, for instance, and that the power grid wasn't a military target, or that the attacks disproportionately affected civilians, he says.

But the more fundamental idea of extending the international laws of war to cover cyberattacks with physical effects—while unprecedented in ICC cases—is an easy argument to make, he says.

“All you have to do is ask, ‘What if the Russians had set up bombs at the relevant electrical substations to achieve the same effect? Is that a war crime?’ That's the exact same sort of question,” says Chesney. He compares the new “cyber domain” of warfare to other kinds of warfare like aerial and submarine warfare, which were once new modes of war but no less subject to international law. “For all these new operational domains, extending the existing law-of-war concepts of proportionality and distinctions to them is a no-brainer.”

But the cyber domain _is_ nonetheless different, says Freeman: It has no borders, and it allows attackers to instantly reach across the world, regardless of distance. And that makes holding Russia's most dangerous hackers accountable all the more urgent. “Sandworm is continually active, and continually executing serious attacks with impunity,” she says. “The risk it presents is incredibly serious, and it puts the entire world at the front lines of this conflict.”

The Case for War Crimes Charges Against Russia’s Sandworm Hackers

With its latest mobile OS update, Google aims to simplify the adoption of Android’s protective features for users and developers alike.

For years, Android’s security and privacy teams have been wrestling the world’s most popular mobile operating system to make it more controllable and updatable while still being open source and easy to deploy. And while scams, malware, and rogue apps are still real threats, the debut of Android 13 at Google’s I/O developer’s conference on Wednesday feels less like triage mode and more like a logical iteration. As Charmaine D'Silva, Android’s director of product management puts it, “This is the release where we bring it all together.”

If anything, the big problem for Android security and privacy now is trying to get users, device makers, and developers to understand and be motivated to use a slew of new and recently released protective features. And after setting so many privacy and security initiatives in motion over the past few years, there's a huge amount for the Android team to maintain and try to get right at any given time.

“We will continue to go deeper, and that’s going to be a continued investment, but the challenge as you go deep is you end up fragmenting experiences, you end up actually confusing users unintentionally,” says Krish Vitaldevara, Android senior director of product management. “That’s a very hard problem to solve, and that’s what we’re going to solve with Android 13.”

Google Play Protect now scans about 125 billion apps per day on user devices to assess their behavior and attempt to identify security issues. And Google says that its Messages app now blocks 1.5 billion spam messages per month in an attempt to cut down on phishing and other scams that actually reach users. And after finally introducing end-to-end encryption in Messages last year for one-on-one texting with the long-awaited RCS messaging standard, Google says that later this year it will add end-to-end encryption in beta for group chats as well.

“We feel both excited and hopeful,” Jan Jedrzejowicz,  a Messages product manager tells WIRED. “Excited because providing out-of-box and encrypted-by-default group text messaging on Android is a huge upgrade for a large number of people all over the world. Hopeful because cross-platform messaging still uses SMS/MMS, and we really hope we can upgrade that to a more modern and encrypted protocol.”

Android 13 imposes more limitations and user controls for the permissions apps are granted and what data they can access when. For example, the operating system gives developers the option to easily incorporate Google’s “Photo picker” that lets users choose specific photos and videos to share with an app through the conduit of the picker, rather than granting the app access to their full photo library. Google has increasingly leaned on the system access that Android already has to provide specific data to apps, making it more like the bartender who’s mixing drinks than the cashier at the liquor store. Similarly, Android 13 now requires apps to request permission to access audio files, image files, and video files separately as part of an effort to limit access to different storage buckets.

Android already limited how much access apps had to the clipboard and notified users when an app grabbed something from it. But Android 13 adds another layer by automatically deleting whatever is in your clipboard after a short interval. This way, apps can’t find out old things that you copied, and—bonus—you’re less likely to inadvertently share your coworker’s list of reasons they hate your company with your boss. Android 13 also continues a process of reducing apps’ ability to require location sharing for things like enabling Wi-Fi. 

Android 13 requires new apps to ask permission before they can send you notifications. And the new release expands on a feature from Android 11 that automatically resets an app’s permissions once you haven’t used it for a long time. Since its debut, Google has extended the feature all the way back to devices running Android 6, and the operating system has now automatically reset more than 5 billion permissions, according to the company. This way, a game you don’t play anymore that had permission to access your microphone three years ago can’t still listen in. And Android 13 makes it easier for app developers to remove permissions proactively if they don’t want to retain access for longer than they absolutely need.

Making sure that Android devices around the world can get security updates has been a core hurdle for Google, since Android’s open source ethos allows any manufacturer to deploy its own version of the operating system. To improve the situation, the company has spent years investing in a framework called Google System Updates that breaks down the operating system into components and allows phone makers to directly send updates for the different modules through Google Play. There are now more than 30 of these components, and Android 13 adds ones for Bluetooth and ultra-wideband, the radio tech used at short range for things like radar.

Google is working to reduce common vulnerabilities that can show up in software by rewriting some crucial parts of the Android code base in more secure programming languages like Rust and creating defaults that nudge developers in a more secure direction with their own apps. The company has also worked to make its application programming interfaces more secure and has started offering a new service called Google Play SDK Index that provides some transparency into widely used software development kits, so developers can be more informed before they incorporate these third-party modules into their apps.

Similar to Apple’s iOS Privacy Labels, Android recently added a “Data Safety” field in Google Play to give users a sort of nutrition-fact label explaining how apps say they will handle your data. In practice, though, these types of disclosures aren’t always reliable, so Google is offering developers the option to have a third party independently validate their claims against an established mobile security standard. The process is still voluntary, though.

“We provide all these tools to developers to make their apps safer, but it’s important that they can actually prove that out and validate it through an independent third party, a set of labs testing against an established standard,” says Eugene Liderman, director of Android Security Strategy.

Android and Apple’s iOS have both been moving toward offering the ability to store government-issued identification. In Android 13, Google Wallet can now store such digital IDs and driver’s licenses, and Google says it’s working with both individual states in the United States and governments globally to add support this year.

With so much to focus on and refine, Android 13 attempts to take a sprawling situation and rein it in rather than letting it spin out of control. And Android's D'Silva says there's one release coming later this year that she's particularly looking forward to: a sort of safety center within Settings that will centralize privacy and security options in one location for users. An acknowledgment, perhaps, that it's all become too much for the average user to keep track of on their own.

Android 13 Tries to Make Privacy and Security a No-Brainer

Europe’s proposed child protection laws could undermine end-to-end encryption for billions of people.

All of your WhatsApp photos, iMessage texts, and Snapchat videos could be scanned to check for child sexual abuse images and videos under newly proposed European rules. The plans, experts warn, may undermine the end-to-end encryption that protects billions of messages sent every day and hamper people’s online privacy.

The European Commission today revealed long-awaited proposals aimed at tackling the huge volumes of child sexual abuse material, also known as CSAM, uploaded to the web each year. The proposed law creates a new EU Centre to deal with child abuse content and introduces obligations for tech companies to “detect, report, block and remove” CSAM from their platforms. The law, announced by Europe’s commissioner for home affairs, Ylva Johansson, says tech companies have failed to voluntarily remove abuse content, and it has been welcomed by child protection and safety groups.

Under the plans, tech companies—ranging from web hosting services to messaging platforms—can be ordered to “detect” both new and previously discovered CSAM, as well as potential instances of “grooming.” The detection could take place in chat messages, files uploaded to online services, or on websites that host abusive material. The plans echo an effort by Apple last year to scan photos on people’s iPhones for abusive content before it was uploaded to iCloud. Apple paused its efforts after a widespread backlash.

If passed, the European legislation would require tech companies to conduct risk assessments for their services to assess the levels of CSAM on their platforms and their existing prevention measures. If necessary, regulators or courts may then issue “detection orders” that say tech companies must start “installing and operating technologies” to detect CSAM. These detection orders would be issued for specific periods of time. The draft legislation doesn’t specify what technologies must be installed or how they will operate—these will be vetted by the new EU Centre—but says they should be used even when end-to-end encryption is in place.

The European proposal to scan people’s messages has been met with frustration from civil rights groups and security experts, who say it’s likely to undermine the end-to-end encryption that’s become the default on messaging apps such as iMessage, WhatsApp, and Signal. “Incredibly disappointing to see a proposed EU regulation on the internet fail to protect end-to-end encryption,” WhatsApp head Will Cathcart tweeted. “This proposal would force companies to scan every person's messages and put EU citizens' privacy and security at serious risk.” Any system that weakens end-to-end encryption could be abused or expanded to look for other types of content, researchers say.

“You either have E2EE or you don’t,” says Alan Woodward, a cybersecurity professor from the University of Surrey. End-to-end encryption protects people’s privacy and security by ensuring that only the sender and receiver of messages can see their content. For example, Meta, the owner of WhatsApp, doesn’t have any way to read your messages or mine their contents for data. The EU’s draft regulation says solutions shouldn’t weaken encryption and says it includes safeguards to ensure this doesn’t happen; however, it doesn’t give specifics for how this would work.

“That being so, there is only one logical solution: client-side scanning where the content is examined when it is decrypted on the user's device for them to view/read,” Woodward says. Last year, Apple announced it would introduce client-side scanning—scanning done on people’s iPhones rather than Apple’s servers—to check photos for known CSAM being uploaded to iCloud. The move sparked protests from civil rights groups and even Edward Snowden about the potential for surveillance, leading Apple to pause its plans a month after initially announcing them. (Apple declined to comment for this story.)

For tech companies, detecting CSAM on their platforms and scanning some communications is not new. Companies operating in the United States are required to report any CSAM they find or that is reported to them by users to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC), a US-based nonprofit. More than 29 million reports, containing 39 million images and 44 million videos, were made to NCMEC last year alone. Under the new EU rules, the EU Centre will receive CSAM reports from tech companies.

“A lot of companies are not doing the detection today,” Johansson said in a press conference introducing the legislation. “This is not a proposal on encryption, this is a proposal on child sexual abuse material,” Johansson said, adding that the law is “not about reading communication” but detecting illegal abuse content.

At the moment, tech companies find CSAM online in different ways. And the amount of CSAM found is increasing as tech companies get better at detecting and reporting abuse—although some are much better than others. In some cases, AI is being used to hunt down previously unseen CSAM. Duplicates of existing abuse photos and videos can be detected using “hashing systems,” where abuse content is assigned a fingerprint that can be spotted when it’s uploaded to the web again. More than 200 companies, from Google to Apple, use Microsoft's PhotoDNA hashing system to scan millions of files shared online. However, to do this, systems need to have access to the messages and files people are sending, which is not possible when end-to-end encryption is in place.

“In addition to detecting CSAM, obligations will exist to detect the solicitation of children (‘grooming’), which can only mean that conversations will need to be read 24/7,” says Diego Naranjo, head of policy at the civil liberties group European Digital Rights. “This is a disaster for confidentiality of communications. Companies will be asked (via detection orders) or incentivized (via risk mitigation measures) to offer less secure services for everyone if they want to comply with these obligations.”

Discussions about protecting children online and how this can be done with end-to-end encryption are hugely complex, technical, and combined with the horrors of the crimes against vulnerable young people. Research from Unicef, the UN’s children’s fund, published in 2020 says encryption is needed to protect people’s privacy—including children—but adds that it “impedes” efforts to remove content and identify the people sharing it. For years, law enforcement agencies around the world have pushed to create ways to bypass or weaken encryption. “I’m not saying privacy at any cost, and I think we can all agree child abuse is abhorrent,” Woodward says, “but there needs to be a proper, public, dispassionate debate about whether the risks of what might emerge are worth the true effectiveness in fighting child abuse.”

Increasingly, researchers and tech companies have been focusing on safety tools that can exist alongside end-to-encryption. Proposals include using metadata from encrypted messages—the who, how, what, and why of messages, not their content—to analyze people’s behavior and potentially spot criminality. One recent report by the nonprofit Business for Social Responsibility, which was commissioned by Meta, found that end-to-end encryption is an overwhelmingly positive force for upholding people's human rights. It suggested 45 recommendations for how encryption and safety can go together and not involve access to people’s communications. When the report was published in April, Lindsey Andersen, BSR's associate director for human rights, told WIRED: “Contrary to popular belief, there actually is a lot that can be done even without access to messages.”

The EU Wants Big Tech to Scan Your Private Chats for Child Abuse

A surprising number of the top 100,000 websites effectively include keyloggers that covertly snag everything you type into a form.

When you sign up for a newsletter, make a hotel reservation, or check out online, you probably take for granted that if you mistype your email address three times or change your mind and X out of the page, it doesn't matter. Nothing actually happens until you hit the Submit button, right? Well, maybe not. As with so many assumptions about the web, this isn't always the case, according to new research: A surprising number of websites are collecting some or all of your data as you type it into a digital form.

Researchers from KU Leuven, Radboud University, and University of Lausanne crawled and analyzed the top 100,000 websites, looking at scenarios in which a user is visiting a site while in the European Union and visiting a site from the United States. They found that 1,844 websites gathered an EU user's email address without their consent, and a staggering 2,950 logged a US user's email in some form. Many of the sites seemingly do not intend to conduct the data-logging but incorporate third-party marketing and analytics services that cause the behavior.

After specifically crawling sites for password leaks in May 2021, the researchers also found 52 websites in which third parties, including the Russian tech giant Yandex, were incidentally collecting password data before submission. The group disclosed their findings to these sites, and all 52 instances have since been resolved.

“If there’s a Submit button on a form, the reasonable expectation is that it does something—that it will submit your data when you click it,” says Güneş Acar, a professor and researcher in Radboud University's digital security group and one of the leaders of the study. “We were super surprised by these results. We thought maybe we were going to find a few hundred websites where your email is collected before you submit, but this exceeded our expectations by far.”

The researchers, who will present their findings at the Usenix security conference in August,  say they were inspired to investigate what they call “leaky forms” by media reports, particularly from Gizmodo_,_ about third parties collecting form data regardless of submission status. They point out that, at its core, the behavior is similar to so-called key loggers, which are typically malicious programs that log everything a target types. But on a mainstream top-1,000 site, users probably won't expect to have their information keylogged. And in practice, the researchers saw a few variations of the behavior. Some sites logged data keystroke by keystroke, but many grabbed complete submissions from one field when users clicked to the next.

“In some cases, when you click the next field, they collect the previous one, like you click the password field and they collect the email, or you just click anywhere and they collect all the information immediately," says Asuman Senol, a privacy and identity researcher at KU Leuven and one of the study coauthors. "We didn’t expect to find thousands of websites; and in the US, the numbers are really high, which is interesting,” 

The researchers say that the regional differences may be related to companies being more cautious about user tracking, and even potentially integrating with fewer third parties, because of the EU's General Data Protection Regulation. But they emphasize that this is just one possibility, and the study didn't examine explanations for the disparity.

Through a substantial effort to notify websites and third parties collecting data in this way, the researchers found that one explanation for some of the unexpected data collection may have to do with the challenge of differentiating a “submit” action from other user actions on certain web pages. But the researchers emphasize that from a privacy perspective, this is not an adequate justification.

Since completing their paper, the group also had a discovery about Meta Pixel and TikTok Pixel, invisible marketing trackers that services embed on their websites to track users across the web and show them ads. Both claimed in their documentation that a customers could turn on “automatic advanced matching,” which would trigger data collection when a user submitted a form. In practice, though, the researchers found that these tracking pixels were grabbing hashed email addresses, an obscured version of email addresses used to identify web users across platforms, before submission. For US users, 8,438 sites may have been leaking data to Meta, Facebook’s parent company, through pixels, and 7,379 sites may be impacted for EU users. For TikTok Pixel, the group found 154 sites for US users and 147 for EU users.

The researchers filed a bug report with Meta on March 25, and the company quickly assigned an engineer to the case, but the group has not heard an update since. The researchers notified TikTok on April 21—they discovered the TikTok behavior more recently—and have not heard back. Meta and TikTok did not immediately return WIRED's request for comment about the findings.

“The privacy risks for users are that they will be tracked even more efficiently; they can be tracked across different websites, across different sessions, across mobile and desktop,” Acar says. “An email address is such a useful identifier for tracking, because it’s global, it’s unique, it’s constant. You can’t clear it like you clear your cookies. It's a very powerful identifier.”

Acar also points out that, as tech companies look to phase out cookie-based tracking in a nod to privacy concerns, marketers and other analysts will rely more and more heavily on static IDs like phone numbers and email addresses.

Since the findings indicate that deleting data in a form before submitting it may not be enough to protect yourself from all collection, the researchers created a Firefox extension called LeakInspector to detect rogue form collection. And they say they hope their findings will raise awareness about the issue, not only for regular web users but for website developers and administrators who can proactively check whether their own systems or any of the third parties they're using are collecting data from forms without consent. 

Leaky forms are just one more type of data collection to be wary of in an already extremely crowded online field.

Thousands of Top Websites See What You Type—Before You Hit Submit

By working together, the companies say they’re better able to find security flaws in Google Cloud’s Confidential Computing infrastructure.

An unusual partnership between Google and AMD may offer a blueprint for how the tech industry can better tackle processor security risks before they spiral out of control. The only problem? The setup requires an equally rare level of trust, which may be hard for other companies to replicate.

On Tuesday, Google Cloud is releasing a detailed audit of AMD's confidential computing tech, the result of a collaboration between Google's Project Zero bug-hunting group, two teams within Google Cloud Security, and AMD's firmware group. The audit follows years of Google Cloud putting increasing emphasis on its offerings for Confidential Computing—a suite of capabilities that keep customers' data encrypted at all times, even during processing. The stakes are high, as customers increasingly depend on the privacy and security protections conferred by these services and the physical infrastructure underlying them, which is built on special secure processors from AMD. An exploitable vulnerability in Confidential Computing could be disastrous.

Flaws in how processors are designed and implemented pose massive risks, turning widely used chips into single points of failure in the computers, servers, and other devices in which they're installed. Vulnerabilities in specialized security chips have particularly dire potential ramifications because these processors are designed to be immutable and provide a “root of trust” that all the other components of a system can rely on. If hackers can exploit a flaw in security chips, they can poison a system at that root and potentially gain undetectable control. So AMD and Google Cloud have developed an unusually close-knit partnership over more than five years to collaborate on auditing the Epyc processors used in Google Cloud's sensitive infrastructure and attempting to plug as many holes as possible. 

“When we find something and know that the safety is getting better, that's the best,” says Nelly Porter, group product manager of Google Cloud. “It’s not pointing fingers, it’s combined effort to fix things. Adversaries have unbelievable capability, and their innovation is growing, so we need not only to catch up but to get ahead of them.”

Porter says the partnership with AMD is unusual because the two companies have been able to build up enough trust that the chipmaker is willing to let Google's teams analyze closely guarded source code. Brent Hollingsworth, AMD's director of the Epyc software ecosystem, points out that the relationship also creates space for pushing the boundaries on what types of attacks researchers are able to test. For example, in this audit, Google security researchers used specialized hardware to mount physical attacks against AMD technology, an important and valuable exercise that other chipmakers are increasingly focusing on as well, but one that goes beyond the traditional security guarantees chipmakers offer.

PCIe hardware pentesting using an IO screamerPhotograph: Google

“Anybody who’s written software, anybody who’s created hardware, knows that it’s impossible to be perfect,” Hollingsworth says. “Over the years that we’ve been working together with Google, we’ve been providing them as much access as we possibly can and thinking about the problem from two different sides. And somewhere in the middle of that push and pull, we end up finding things that benefit everyone.”

The audit specifically delved into the defenses of the AMD Secure Processor (ASP) and the firmware of the AMD technology known as “SEV-SNP,” or Secure Encrypted Virtualization-Secure Nested Paging. SEV-SNP underlies Google Cloud's Confidential Virtual Machines, a premium offering within Google Cloud's general product that segments and encrypts a customer's systems and manages the encryption keys to box out Google Cloud such that the company can't access the customer's data. 

The two companies haven't said specifically how many vulnerabilities were found and addressed through the recent audit, but the report outlines multiple specific findings, attack scenarios, and general areas for improvement. AMD says it has released firmware fixes for all the issues discovered through the audit, and Google Cloud says it has applied all of these patches and mitigations.

Both Google Cloud's Porter and AMD's Hollingsworth emphasize, though, that the true value of the partnership is in the repeated collaboration and review over time. The goal is that the findings will safeguard Google Cloud, but also improve security across the industry, and that the partnership can perhaps be a model for increased transparency between chipmakers and customers in general. As organizations increasingly rely on cloud providers to deliver most or all of their infrastructure, there are major security gains, but always the lurking fear that something could go wrong.

“You need to assume breach; you need to assume that things might happen,” Porter says. “And that’s why I think it’s so critical to have all the bugs fixed, but also to be talking very openly about this continuously. It's not something we’re doing once and it's finished. It’s ongoing.”

AMD Gave Google Cloud Rare Access to Its Tech to Hunt Chip Flaws

Locked outside your calendar or Gmail? Here's how to get un-stuck—and prevent it from happening in the first place.

It’s Friday morning and you think you can meet an important end-of-week work deadline if you just focus and plow through for the next eight hours. Skip lunch? Check. Turn off social media? Check. Now to login in to Gmail and Google Sheets and Google Docs to get moving on this … Wait … What the heck?

If you’re like many of us who rely on Google’s suite of business, academic, and personal productivity tools, it’s the moment that can bring your day to a screeching halt. Whether it’s due a changed password, hacking of your account, or some other reason, you can’t log in to your Google account and the many services connected to that account.

What now?

The web is filled with advice and shortcuts on what to do in this situation, from tapping your password manager to turning off two-factor authentication (not recommended!).

Rather than use Google’s most popular tool, Search, for the answer, we decided to ask the company directly what happens when users can’t get in and what steps they should take to recover their account. Guemmy Kim, director of account safety and security at Google, guided us through our questions.

How Do Google Accounts Get Disabled?

First, let’s try to understand why you might be in this situation at all.

Kim says there are three main scenarios where a user can find themselves unable to get into their account. The first is the user losing their credentials. That could mean you forgot your password, you changed your Google password on one device and forgot to reenter it on another device, or any other number of credential snafus.

The second scenario is when a user’s Google account is disabled due to suspected hacking. “If Google suspects that an account has been hijacked, we disable it as a proactive measure,” Kim says. “This is similar to how a bank would suspend a credit card if they identify suspicious transactions on the account.”

The third scenario is that Google suspends an account that is in violation of its policies. If a user has posted abusive content, or their email address is involved in phishing hacks, those would be a few of the possible reasons for an account to get disabled over a policy issue.

So I Know Why I’m Locked Out. What Can I Do?

For a password or credentials issue, you would go through the “Forgot email?” link below the login prompt or start Google’s Automated Account Recovery process, which walks you through a series of questions to either access the account through a secondary method (a phone number or other email address, for instance) or, if these methods don’t work, to create a replacement account.

The same goes for accounts that are suspected of being hijacked; you should use the Account Recovery tool. Kim says that an important part of ensuring a smooth recovery is that you have recovery phone numbers or email addresses set up in advance. “We strongly encourage everyone to add a recovery phone number to their account.” Kim added that any phone numbers added for two-factor authentication are not used for anything else, so you don’t have to worry about it being used by marketers.

Accounts flagged for policy violations, however, have the option to have that action reviewed upon their next login. In this case, users are still in control of their account identity.

Kim says that anyone who runs into this situation should first review Google’s policies to make sure they understand why the account was disabled before clicking. In some cases, the next login attempt will display details of why the account was disabled, such as suspicion of phishing. “However, there are some circumstances where we cannot provide additional details due to safety concerns,” Kim says.

In appealing this decision, “Users can provide additional context to help our reviewers decide whether to restore access to their account,” Kim says.

That process of review can take about two days.

Can I Speak to a Human At All?

The short answer in most cases is no. You’re probably not going to get a person on the phone via some kind of Google hotline. But there are cases where some users may get extra help depending on the nature of the account. Kim says that those who have a Google account through their work, school, or other group are encouraged to reach out to their administrator, who may be able to manage users via their Admin Console. If their administrator is stumped, they have their own support options as well.

Other Google users, like people in the YouTube Partner Program or subscribers to Google Fi or Google One may have dedicated support teams to help through those products. They might be able to offer guidance or provide general help, but Kim says you shouldn’t expect them to have a magic account reset wand. “For security reasons, these agents cannot restore access to the account,” Kim says.

How Does Google Decide to Suspend an Account?

Kim says that different types of signals and patterns can factor into the decision to disable or flag an account, which isn’t terribly clear, but also shows how broadly the company looks at potentially damaging activity. Some of those patterns include signing in on a computer or new phone for the first time, changing passwords, or other events that users can also review on their account security page.

Alerts sent out in these cases allow the account owner to check first to see if something fishy is going on “and if our detection logic has not picked up on it yet,” Kim says.

When behavior points more toward an account hijacking or something nefarious, Google can force the account holder to go through the Account Recovery tool to verify their identity and change their password.

Kim says, “The idea is to let the real user back into their Google account while blocking the hijacker.”

Of course, this all only works if you’ve set up the appropriate measures before your account gets hacked. If you’ve already lost it, there may be cases where if you don’t have advanced security measures set up already—like using your phone as a two-factor login tool or keeping your recovery phone numbers updated—there may be no way to get it back. Kim suggests “ounce of prevention” measures here, as in, take time now to walk through Google’s Security Checkup tool before anything bad happens to your account in the first place.

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What to Do If You Can't Log In to Your Google Account

Plus: Russia rerouted internet in occupied Ukraine, Grindr sold its users' location data to ad networks, and more.

If the war in Ukraine and Russia's still-unfolding atrocities there didn't offer enough fodder for doomscrolling, this week supplied a new dose of domestic crisis: A leaked Supreme Court draft decision that would overturn _Roe v. Wade_, demolishing a ruling that has served as a cornerstone of reproductive rights for nearly five decades. And this crisis, too, will play out in the digital realm as much as the physical and legal ones.

WIRED's Lily Hay Newman responded to the news with a guide to protecting your privacy if you're seeking an abortion in a near-future world in which _Roe_ has in fact been overturned. As right-wing pundits demand the Supreme Court leaker's prosecution, meanwhile, we analyzed the laws concerning leaks of unclassified government information like a draft court ruling and found that there's no clear statute criminalizing that sort of information sharing. And law professor Amy Gajda walked us through the history of Supreme Court information leaks, which stretches back hundreds of years.

As Russia's war in Ukraine grinds on, we looked at how small, consumer-grade drones are offering a defensive tool to Ukrainians that they're exploiting as in no other war in history. And further abroad in India, a battle is taking shape between VPN firms and the Indian government, which is demanding they hand over users' data. Meanwhile, the country's new “super app,” Tata Neu, has sparked user privacy concerns.

And there's more. As we do every week, we’ve rounded up all the news that we didn’t break or cover in-depth. Click on the headlines to read the full stories. And stay safe out there.

If _Roe_'s precedent ceases to protect people seeking abortions across the United States, the question of who can digitally surveil those seeking abortions and abortion providers—and how to evade that surveillance—will become a civil liberties battle of the highest urgency. This week, Motherboard's Joseph Cox fired the opening salvos of that battle with a series of stories about data brokers who offer to sell location data that include individuals' visits to abortion clinics and Planned Parenthood offices, an egregious form of surveillance capitalism with immediate human consequences. Anti-abortion protest groups have already used abortion clinic data to target ads at women inside the clinics, and the same data could soon be used to identify women who seek out-of-state abortions in violation of local laws.

Cox pointed to two companies, SafeGraph and Placer.ai, both of which sold location data of those apparently visiting abortion clinics. Placer.ai has gone so far as to offer "heat maps" of where abortion clinic visitors live to anyone who creates a free account on its site. Cox's reporting had quick results: SafeGraph, which was banned from the Google Play store in June, responded to Motherboard's story by committing to stop selling the abortion-related location data. One of its investors, Are Traasdahl, says he's selling his stake in the company and donating the money to Planned Parenthood.

Your move, Placer.ai.

While we're shaming firms that leak or sell their users' location data, Grindr has long represented a uniquely dangerous combination: a company that courts at-risk users, and then egregiously fails to protect their privacy. This week, _The Wall Street Journal_ revealed that Grindr users' location data was sold for years—beginning in 2017 until at least two years ago—via ad networks, potentially exposing the movements, work locations, and home addresses of millions of gay men. The revelation follows years of Grindr data abuses and inattention to privacy and security, such as allowing anyone to pinpoint users with a triangulation technique, and even turning a blind eye as one man's life was ruined by spoofed Grindr accounts.

In 2022 a Russian military occupation doesn't merely mean physical devastation from shelling, unspeakable war crimes, and mass deportations of Ukrainian civilians to Russian hinterlands. In the Russian-occupied region of Kherson in southern Ukraine, it now means that Ukrainians have been disconnected from the global internet and rerouted through Russia's tightly controlled, surveilled, and censored “Runet.” The move, confirmed Monday by the internet monitoring firm Netblocks, represents a grim advancement of the “splinternet” notion of repressive regimes increasingly walling off their own regional slice of the internet to exert greater control over their populations. Russia now appears to be experimenting with extending its internet repression to the victims of its unprovoked military conquests in a bid to better control and influence digital information there too.

Last month, _The New Yorker_ published an in-depth investigation of how the Israeli hacking firm NSO Group's highly sophisticated smartphone spyware known as Pegasus was used to target members of Spain's Catalan independence movement. Now, Spain's government may be getting a taste of its own medicine: Both the prime minister, Pedro Sánchez, and the country's defense minister, Margarita Robles, have said that their phones, too, were hacked with Pegasus in May and June of 2021. Spain's criminal court is investigating the hacking, which was revealed by security researchers at Citizen Lab. While the Spanish government has claimed that the hacking must have been carried out by a foreign culprit, the Catalan targets of Pegasus have long pointed the finger—for their own targeting at least—at Spain's National Intelligence Center.

The US Treasury announced Friday that it's issuing sanctions against Blender.io, a “mixing” service that's used to obscure the origins and destinations of cryptocurrency. Mixers, including Bitcoin Fog and Helix, have been criminally prosecuted by the US Department of Justice for helping to obscure the criminal origins of cryptocurrency. But the sanctions against Blender.io represent the first time that the Treasury has taken measures to financially ostracize a mixer, making it a crime for any American to transact with the service. In this case, Blender is accused of helping to launder $20.5 million of the $620 million worth of cryptocurrency that North Korea's Lazarus hackers allegedly stole from the cryptocurrency firm Ronin Networks in March. That hack alone suggests that North Korean thieves have already topped the estimated $400 million in crypto—largely in the Ethereum currency—that they stole last year.

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