Quantum computing will bring new security risks. Both professionals and legislators need to use this time to prepare.

Source: Sergey Tarasov via Alamy Stock Photo

COMMENTARY

One of cybersecurity's major pitfalls is assuming that risks will always stay the same. Failing to consider emerging threats has caused detriment in the security field. When varied threats already exist that are time-tested and successful, like ransomware, phishing, or business email compromise, security professionals often don't consider that new risks arise daily. 

Quantum computing and the potential for cracked algorithms are among the first instances where security professionals have a heads-up on an emerging trend. As a result, both professionals and legislators can use this time to their advantage and prepare by putting forth maximum effort to approach cryptographic agility. This model is defined as the ability for technology to seamlessly switch to new protocols or mechanisms when algorithms become insecure (without system interruption).

**The Possibility of Cryptographic Agility Adoption**

A critical question that has emerged as quantum computing and algorithm cracking approaches is whether cryptographic agility is genuinely possible for the average tech company. 

Quantum computing is not a new concept, and new cryptographic algorithms to prepare for that hypothesis have been developing progressively since 2016 (note the National Institute of Standards and Technology's call for new algorithms — three of which were published last fall). Yet the United States is far from documenting robust legislation to mandate cryptographic agility in the US market. 

Unfortunately, this puts the data stored on US soil at risk, leaving US businesses to fend for themselves. Small players within the US may be at the mercy of legislation and large tech companies to pave the way for cryptographic agility (such as through the Shared Responsibility Model). 

NIST has done a solid job of widely distributing the three new encryption standards it has published (ML-KEM, ML-DSA, and SLH-DSA). Still, proper enforcement may only be possible at the federal level, which is required to make cryptographic agility a widespread practice in security departments.

**Cryptographic Agility: A Legislative Necessity **

One reliable way to plan for any emerging threat, including quantum computing that could crack standard algorithms, is to look to the courts. US security professionals and tech businesses should consistently look toward Europe, since its cybersecurity legislation is often further ahead and more mature. 

Two examples are the emerging NIS and DORA regulations, which strongly emphasize cryptographic agility as a security best practice. Though these sweeping directives were enacted outside US borders, they provide a framework America could use to build its quantum computing legislation. 

A significant challenge regarding quantum computing and the cracking of standard algorithms is that we know it is coming — though not precisely when. The field lacks detail on how soon key cracking and invalidation will occur (though heavily debated, news articles emerged last fall indicating that Chinese agencies had cracked reputable algorithms — some argue the risk is coming sooner than 2030). 

This uncertainty underscores the strong benefit legislation would provide ahead of the arrival of quantum computing.

**The Business Benefit of Cryptographic Agility**

Implementing a cryptographic agility model has benefits beyond data security and privacy protection. This adoption also has significant business benefits.

Cryptographic agility is a strategic move for a company. Preparing before quantum computing fully emerges is an opportunity to positively contribute to a company's bottom line, because cryptographic agility could be an organization's market differentiator. With so few businesses embracing this best practice, implementing it today would present a distinct competitive advantage. Security and safety are not the only motivators for implementing a cryptographic agile program. 

**The Time to Prepare With Cryptographic Legislation Is Now**

A quantum computing risk assessment is challenging to conduct because no professional in the security space has been able to identify, with precision, how many years it will take until an algorithm like AES-256 (a popular symmetric model which is often the topic during encryption resiliency debates) is found to have flaws. Instead, the field has relied on very vague definitions and estimates, ranging from 10 years to 30 years down the road. Industries and legislators are postponing the goal of becoming cryptographically agile by decades, using both excuses that "we have time" and "we do not know when this risk will be realized." Nevertheless, the time to prepare with cryptographic agile legislation is now — and even without it, businesses that adopt the model have a distinct competitive advantage.

The cybersecurity field is fortunate to have adequate notice; they must prepare before quantum computing emerges and alters the trusted algorithms technology has relied on.

**About the Author**

Cybersecurity Specialist

Keavy Murphy is a Boston-based security professional. Passionate about cybersecurity, especially for new and emerging companies, she prioritizes using soft skills to manage compliance and risk management effectively in parallel with business objectives. Previously, she served in information security roles at Starburst Data, Cambridge Mobile Telematics, Alegeus and State Street. She enjoys writing about and researching the benefits of effective communication within the security space. Her work has been published in Dark Reading and Info Security Magazine and presented at seminars including the Chief Data and Analytics Officers Conference and FutureCon. She is an active volunteer with Boston Cares, has served in the ISACA Engage Mentor program, and holds both CIPP and CIPM certifications.

Cryptographic Agility's Legislative Possibilities &amp; Business Benefits

The firewall specialist has patched the security flaw, which was responsible for a series of attacks reported earlier this month that compromised FortiOS and FortiProxy products exposed to the public Internet.

Source: Lutsenko via Oleksandr via Shutterstock

Fortinet has patched an actively exploited zero-day authentication bypass flaw affecting its FortiOS and FortiProxy products, which attackers have been exploiting to gain super-administrative access to devices to conduct nefarious activities, including breaching corporate networks.

Fortinet characterized the flaw, rated as critical and tracked as CVE-2024-55591 (CVSS 9.6), as an "authentication bypass using an alternate path or channel vulnerability" that "may allow a remote attacker to gain super-admin privileges via crafted requests to Node.js websocket module," according to a FortiGuard Labs security advisory last week.

Fortinet observed threat actors performing various malicious operations by exploiting the flaw. These activities included: creating an admin account on the device with a random user name; creating a local user account on the device with a random user name; creating a user group or adding a local user to an existing SSL VPN user group; adding and/or changing other settings, including firewall policy and/or firewall address; and logging in to the SSL VPN to get a tunnel to the internal network.

Fortinet recommended that customers using affected products follow the recommended upgrade path on its website to mitigate the flaw. It also offered workaround options in its advisory.

Related:For $50, Cyberattackers Can Use GhostGPT to Write Malicious Code

**First Signs of Fortinet Zero-Day Exploitation**

The first signs that something was amiss came earlier this month, when researchers at Arctic Wolf revealed that a zero-day flaw was likely to blame for a series of recent attacks on FortiGate firewall devices with management interfaces exposed on the public Internet. Attackers were targeting the devices to create unauthorized administrative logins and make other configuration changes, create new accounts, and perform SSL VPN authentication.

Fortinet quietly informed its customer base of the issue before revealing the patch and extent of the situation late last week; this low-key revelation is how Arctic Wolf got wind of it, according to a blog post analyzing the flaw by watchTowr Labs published on Jan. 27. However, security researchers did not yet know exactly what the flaw was or what the exploitation entailed.

That's become clearer now. The flaw resided within the jsconsole functionality, which is a graphical user interface (GUI) feature to execute command line interface (CLI) commands inside FortiOS's management interface, according to watchTowr Labs. "Specifically, the weakness in this functionality allowed attackers to add a new administrative account," according to the post.

Related:Change Healthcare Breach Impact Doubles to 190M People

Jsconsole is a WebSocket-based Web console to the CLI of the affected Fortinet appliances. "This CLI is all-powerful, since it is effectively the same as the actual provided CLI that is used by legitimate administrators to configure the device," according to watchTowr Labs. Therefore, if an attacker gains access to the Web console, the appliance itself should be considered compromised.

The researchers took a deep dive into the vulnerability and found that it was actually a chain of issues combined into one critical vulnerability that allowed attackers to follow four key steps to achieve super administrative access.

Those steps are: creating a WebSocket connection from a pre-authenticated HTTP request; using a special parameter local\_access\_token to skip session checks; exploiting a race condition in the WebSocket Telnet CLI to send authentication before the server does; and picking the access profile that an attacker wishes to assume, which in the case of the researchers' proof-of-concept was to become a super administrator.

**Mitigation & Protection Against CVE-2024-55591**

Fortinet devices are a popular target for threat actors, with vulnerabilities found in the products often widely exploited to breach not only devices but also act as a point of entry to attack corporate networks.

Related:The Case for Proactive, Scalable Data Protection

Organizations using the devices affected by the flaw are advised to follow the appropriate update path or apply the workaround provided by Fortinet.

Fortinet also noted in its advisory that an attacker generally would need to know an admin account's username to perform the attack and log in to the CLE to exploit the flaw. "Therefore, having a non-standard and non-guessable username for admin accounts does offer some protection, and is, in general, a best practice," according to the advisory.

However, the company added, since the targeted WebSocket is not itself an authentication point, attackers still have the possibility of brute-forcing the username to exploit the flaw.

**About the Author**

Elizabeth Montalbano is a freelance writer, journalist, and therapeutic writing mentor with more than 25 years of professional experience. Her areas of expertise include technology, business, and culture. Elizabeth previously lived and worked as a full-time journalist in Phoenix, San Francisco, and New York City; she currently resides in a village on the southwest coast of Portugal. In her free time, she enjoys surfing, hiking with her dogs, traveling, playing music, yoga, and cooking.

Actively Exploited Fortinet Zero-Day Gives Attackers Super-Admin Privileges

Malware writing is only one of several malicious activities for which the new, uncensored generative AI chatbot can be used.

Source: Owlie Productions via Shutterstock

A recently debuted AI chatbot dubbed GhostGPT has given aspiring and active cybercriminals a handy new tool for developing malware, carrying out business email compromise scams, and executing other illegal activities.

Like previous, similar chatbots like WormGPT, GhostGPT is an uncensored AI model, meaning it is tuned to bypass the usual security measures and ethical constraints available with mainstream AI systems such as ChatGPT, Claude, Google Gemini, and Microsoft Copilot.

**GenAI With No Guardrails: Uncensored Behavior**

Bad actors can use GhostGPT to generate malicious code and to receive unfiltered responses to sensitive or harmful queries that traditional AI systems would typically block, Abnormal Security researchers said in a blog post this week.  

"GhostGPT is marketed for a range of malicious activities, including coding, malware creation, and exploit development," according to Abnormal. "It can also be used to write convincing emails for business email compromise (BEC) scams, making it a convenient tool for committing cybercrime." A test that the security vendor conducted of GhostGPT's text generation capabilities showed the AI model producing a very convincing Docusign phishing email, for example.

The security vendor first spotted GhostGPT for sale on a Telegram channel in mid-November. Since then, the rogue chatbot appears to have gained a lot of traction among cybercriminals, a researcher at Abnormal tells Dark Reading. The authors offer three pricing models for the large language model: $50 for one-week usage; $150 for one month and $300 for three months, says the researcher, who asked not to be named.

Related:Actively Exploited Fortinet Zero-Day Gives Attackers Super-Admin Privileges

For that price, users get an uncensored AI model that promises quick responses to queries and can be used without any jailbreak prompts. The author(s) of the malware also claim that GhostGPT doesn't maintain any user logs or record any user activity, making it a desirable tool for those who want to conceal their illegal activity, Abnormal said.

**Rogue Chatbots: An Emerging Cybercriminal Problem**

Rogue AI chatbots like GhostGPT present a new and growing problem for security organizations because of how they lower the barrier for cybercriminals. The tools allow anyone, including those with minimal to no coding skills, the ability to quickly generate malicious code by entering a few prompts. Significantly, they also allow individuals who already have some coding skills the ability to augment their capabilities and improve their malware and exploit code. They largely eliminate the need for anyone to spend time and effort trying to jailbreak GenAI models to try and get them to engage in harmful and malicious behavior.

Related:Change Healthcare Breach Impact Doubles to 190M People

WormGPT, for instance, surfaced in July 2023 — or about eight months after ChatGPT exploded on the scene — as one of the first so-called "evil" AI models created explicitly for malicious use. Since then, there have been a handful of others, including WolfGPT, EscapeGPT, and FraudGPT, that their developers have tried monetizing in cybercrime marketplaces. But most of them have failed to gather much traction because, among other things, they failed to live up to their promises or were just jailbroken versions of ChatGPT with added wrappers to make them appear as new, standalone AI tools. The security vendor assessed GhostGPT to likely also be using a wrapper to connect to a jailbroken version of ChatGPT or some other open source large language model.

"In many ways, GhostGPT is not massively different from other uncensored variants like WormGPT and EscapeGPT," the Abnromal researcher tells Dark Reading. "However, the specifics depend on which variant you're comparing it to."

For example, EscapeGPT relies on jailbreak prompts to bypass restrictions, while WormGPT was a fully customized large language model (LLM) designed for malicious purposes. "With GhostGPT, it’s unclear whether it is a custom LLM or a jailbroken version of an existing model, as the author has not disclosed this information. This lack of transparency makes it difficult to definitively compare GhostGPT to other variants."

Related:The Case for Proactive, Scalable Data Protection

The growing popularity of GhostGPT in underground circles also appear to have made its creator(s) more cautious. The author or the seller of the chatbot has deactivated many of the accounts they had created for promoting the tool and appears to have shifted to private sales, the researcher says. "Sales threads on various cybercrime forums have also been closed, further obscuring their identity, \[so\] as of now, we do not have definitive information about who is behind GhostGPT."

**About the Author**

Jai Vijayan is a seasoned technology reporter with over 20 years of experience in IT trade journalism. He was most recently a Senior Editor at Computerworld, where he covered information security and data privacy issues for the publication. Over the course of his 20-year career at Computerworld, Jai also covered a variety of other technology topics, including big data, Hadoop, Internet of Things, e-voting, and data analytics. Prior to Computerworld, Jai covered technology issues for The Economic Times in Bangalore, India. Jai has a Master's degree in Statistics and lives in Naperville, Ill.

For $50, Cyberattackers Can Use GhostGPT to Write Malicious Code

The Apple iOS 18.3 update fixes 28 other vulnerabilities identified by the tech company, though there is little information on them.

Source: Shahid Jamil via Alamy Stock Photo

NEWS BRIEF

In its latest security update for users, Apple has released a patch for a zero-day vulnerability tracked as CVE-2025-24085 (no CVSS score assigned yet).

The vulnerability, not yet added to the National Vulnerability Database (NVD), can be found in iOS, iPadOS, macOS, tvOS, watchOS, and visionOS. As a privileged escalation security flaw, it is located in Apple's Core Media framework. The bug is being actively exploited in the wild.

The Core Media framework, according to Apple, is "the media pipeline used by AVFoundation and other high-level media frameworks found on Apple platforms." It allows users to process media samples as well as manage queues of media data.

This patch comes in the form of iOS 18.3, which fixes 28 other vulnerabilities as well. Apple has yet to divulge many details about any of the issues that have been patched by this update, likely to prevent attackers from exploiting them before users can apply the necessary fix.

Impacted devices from this bug include:

*   Apple Watch Series 6 and later
    

*   Apple TV HD and Apple TV 4K (all models)
    
*   iPad Pro 13-inch, iPad Pro 12.9-inch 3rd generation and later, iPad Pro 11-inch 1st generation and later, iPad Air 3rd generation and later, iPad 7th generation and later, and iPad mini 5th generation and later
    

Though the tech giant has disclosed that "Apple is aware of a report that this issue may have been actively exploited against versions of iOS before iOS 17.2," it has not published any details of the attacks nor attributed its discovery to a researcher.

**About the Author**

Skilled writer and editor covering cybersecurity for Dark Reading.

Apple Patches Actively Exploited Zero-Day Vulnerability

PRESS RELEASE

BIRMINGHAM, Mich., Jan. 15, 2025 /PRNewswire/ -- IT-Harvest, the premier data-driven industry analyst firm, is excited to announce the launch of HarvestIQ.ai, a groundbreaking platform featuring two cutting-edge AI assistants designed to redefine how professionals navigate the complex cybersecurity landscape.

The Analyst AI provides unparalleled access to IT-Harvest's comprehensive database of 4,070 cybersecurity vendors, offering users instant insights into market players, trends, and innovations. Meanwhile, the Architect AI empowers users with tailored guidance on cybersecurity products, leveraging IT-Harvest's in-depth analysis of over 11,300 products to help organizations make informed decisions about their cybersecurity strategies.

"HarvestIQ.ai is a game-changer for cybersecurity professionals. By combining our vast database with the power of AI, we're equipping analysts, architects, and decision-makers with tools that provide instant, actionable insights," said Richard Stiennon, Chief Research Analyst at IT-Harvest. "Whether you're evaluating vendors or designing a security architecture, HarvestIQ.ai ensures you're making data-driven decisions."

Key Features:

*   Analyst Assistant: Instant access to detailed information on 4,070 cybersecurity vendors through a familiar chat interface. A user holds a conversation with a powerful industry analyst with full vendor knowledge, including funding, security rating & health, headcount growth, and more.
    
*   Architect Assistant: Expert guidance on 11,300 cybersecurity products to streamline decision-making. Hold a conversation with a product-oriented assistant with in-depth technical knowledge of all cybersecurity solutions, compliance frameworks, capabilities, and more.
    
*   User-Friendly Platform: Get immediate access at harvestiq.ai.
    

"At IT-Harvest, we understand the critical need for precision and speed in cybersecurity decision-making," said Maximillian Schweizer, Chief Technology Officer. "HarvestIQ leverages the latest AI technology to deliver not just data, but actionable intelligence, enabling our users to stay ahead of evolving demands on their teams."

HarvestIQ is available now at harvestiq.ai. Monthly subscriptions are priced at $179 for the Architect Assistant and $159 for the Analyst Assistant, making it an accessible solution for enterprises, cybersecurity professionals, and consultants alike. Trial users can sign up for free answers to ten questions a month.

About IT-Harvest: IT-Harvest is a data-driven industry analyst firm specializing in cybersecurity market intelligence. With a mission to provide actionable insights and foster informed decision-making, IT-Harvest delivers unparalleled analysis and data-driven solutions to clients worldwide. The IT-Harvest Dashboard is the only platform for researching the entire cybersecurity industry. Data on 4,070 vendors and 11,300 products are continuously updated. Enterprise subscribers use the Dashboard for industry analysis, product discovery and selection, gap analysis, and acquisition hunting.

For more information, visit www.it-harvest.com or contact IT-Harvest at \[email protected\].

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IT-Harvest Launches HarvestIQ.ai

PRESS RELEASE

SEATTLE, Jan. 15, 2025 /PRNewswire/ -- Spectral Capital Corporation (OTCQB: FCCN), a pioneer in providing its deep quantum technology platform, is pleased to announce the filing of a critical patent in quantum cybersecurity.

"Over the past three decades, I have been deeply involved in the cybersecurity industry, including founding a leading-edge company that addressed some of the most complex challenges in the field," said Sean Michael Brehm, chairman of Spectral. "Quantum computing elevates cybersecurity risks to an entirely new level. With its potential to break RSA encryption—the foundation of global data security—quantum technology presents an unprecedented threat. In response, our team has developed a solution to ensure RSA encryption remains secure, even in the quantum era," concluded Spectral chairman Sean Michael Brehm.

"Out of the 104 patentable innovations acquired in the Vogon Cloud acquisition, the patent application around protecting RSA encryption from quantum hacking could be one of our most important. According to Allied Market Research, the global RSA encryption market, primarily measured within the broader "hardware encryption" category, is estimated to hold a significant share, with some reports stating that the RSA segment represents around 50% of the hardware encryption market, which is projected to reach a size of approximately $1.2 trillion by 2031, indicating a substantial market for RSA encryption alone. We are proud to be a part of protecting that market, even as new technologies for encryption emerge, like Spectral's unhackable distributed quantum ledger database technology," said Spectral's Chief Executive Officer, Jenifer Osterwalder. 

Spectral has a portfolio of patents and trade secrets designed to meet the enormous demand for hybrid computing systems which combine current classical computing technologies with emerging quantum computing technologies as these are made commercially available. An entire ecosystem of hardware and software will be needed to support hybrid and quantum computing and Spectral has ambitious plans to build one of the largest intellectual property portfolios in the industry, including its previously announced goal of filing for more than 500 patents by the end of 2025.

About Spectral Capital  
Spectral Capital (OTCQB: FCCN) is a quantum technology platform company at the forefront of innovation. Focusing on sustainable green cloud computing, quantum databases, and advanced quantum chip technology, Spectral Capital is revolutionizing industries such as telecommunications, AI, and green technology. With flagship offerings like the Vogon Cloud and Vogon DQLDB, the company is pioneering a future of decentralized, secure, and scalable computing.

Forward-Looking Statements

This press release contains forward-looking statements (as defined in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) concerning future events and FCCN's growth and business strategy. Words such as "expects," "will," "intends," "plans," "believes," "anticipates," "hopes," "estimates," and variations on such words and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Although FCCN believes that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable, no assurance can be given that such expectations will prove to have been correct. These statements involve known and unknown risks and are based upon a number of assumptions and estimates that are inherently subject to significant uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond the control of FCCN. Actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially include, but are not limited to, changes in FCCN's business; competitive factors in the market(s) in which FCCN operates; risks associated with operations outside the United States; and other factors listed from time to time in FCCN's filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. FCCN expressly disclaims any obligations or undertaking to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statements contained herein to reflect any change in FCCN's expectations with respect thereto or any change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any statement is based.

Spectral Capital Files Quantum Cybersecurity Patent

One of the largest data breaches in history was apparently twice as impactful as previously thought, with PII belonging to hundreds of millions of people sitting in the hands of cybercriminals.

Source: Pavel Kapish via Alamy Stock Photo

New evidence suggests that more than half of the US population was touched by the ransomware attack(s) against UnitedHealth subsidiary Change Healthcare.

One of the largest data breaches ever recorded struck Change Healthcare last year. Change's technology services reach hundreds of vendors and laboratories, thousands of hospitals, tens of thousands of pharmacies, and hundreds of thousands of physicians and dentists, including "nearly all government and commercial payers," according to company documentation. These services necessarily sweep up loads of patients' personally identifying information (PII), which ended up in the hands of multiple ransomware actors.

Later last year, it was reported that the incident affected around 100 million Americans. Now, UnitedHealth has updated that number to approximately 190 million. A company spokesperson confirmed this in an emailed statement to Dark Reading, adding, "the vast majority of those people have already been provided individual or substitute notice."

**Change's Changing Cyberattack Story**

Last February, in concert, pharmacies around the US experienced significant delays to prescription orders. Behind it all was Change Healthcare, which processes billions of transactions every year, representing trillions of dollars worth of medical claims.

Related:Actively Exploited Fortinet Zero-Day Gives Attackers Super-Admin Privileges

The company first stated that it had suffered a nation-state cyber intrusion. In fact, it was a regular old ransomware attack (for which it would later pay a whopping $22 million ransom). And this wasn't the only crucial detail it got wrong.

In June, Change Healthcare finally sent out notices of data compromise, revealing that affected customers totaled around 100 million. On Friday, however, UnitedHealth Group publicly adjusted that figure to include 90 million more.

In its updated online notice of data breach, the company admitted that hackers may have obtained a variety of personally identifying information (PII) about patients and guarantors, including their first and last names, dates of birth, phone numbers, home addresses, and email addresses. Social security numbers, it noted, were only lost in "rare instances," and in an email to Dark Reading, a spokesperson claimed that Change Healthcare "has not seen electronic medical record databases appear in the data during the analysis."

The spokesperson also emphasized that "Change Healthcare is not aware of any misuse of individuals' information as a result of this incident."

However, Paul Bischoff, consumer privacy advocate at Comparitech, warns that "every press release I ever see about a data release says 'there's no evidence that your information has been abused or misused in any way.' But, obviously, they're not really looking for that for those instances of abuse, and they would never know if it actually happened. And the people that it happens to can't attribute the identity theft that they're suffering back to the data breach that caused it."

Related:For $50, Cyberattackers Can Use GhostGPT to Write Malicious Code

**When Data Breach Disclosures Go Wrong**

The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) data breach disclosure rules require that publicly traded companies disclose "material" cybersecurity incidents within four days of becoming alerted to them. The same rule applies to material updates to breach disclosures, such as when an attack is found to have affected nearly twice as many victims as once thought.

Despite these rules, companies have managed to take extensive time in investigating and addressing critical aspects of their breaches. For instance, it took Change Healthcare four months to notify customers of its incident, nine months to admit that 100 million people were affected, and nearly a year to update that figure to 190 million.

Bischoff hesitates, though, before suggesting that what's needed is even stricter regulation. "It's a complicated subject, because it gets to a point where you put such a burden on companies. Companies are also victims in these situations, so I don't want to penalize them for reporting things incorrectly," he says.

Related:The Case for Proactive, Scalable Data Protection

At the same time, he adds, "What we see a lot is that these companies take way too long to finish their investigations and notify victims. Sometimes it's up to a year or more before we're notified that people's data is out there on the Dark Web, being used for who knows what. And that's after they're most likely to get hit with identity fraud, and other sorts of fraud, because cybercriminals want that information when it's as fresh as possible. That's when it's most valuable. So I think we do need more strict standards about the timeliness of these notifications."

**About the Author**

Nate Nelson is a writer based in New York City. He formerly worked as a reporter at Threatpost, and wrote "Malicious Life," an award-winning Top 20 tech podcast on Apple and Spotify. Outside of Dark Reading, he also co-hosts "The Industrial Security Podcast."

Change Healthcare Breach Impact Doubles to 190M People

Attackers aim to steal people's personal and payment-card data in the campaign, which dangles the threat of an undelivered package and has the potential to reach organizations in more than 50 countries.

Source: Francis Vachon via Alamy Stock Photo

Attackers impersonating the US Postal Service (USPS) are striking again, this time in a widescale mobile phishing campaign that taps people's trust in PDF files. This time it uses a novel evasion tactic to steal credentials and compromise sensitive data in SMS phishing (smishing) attacks.

Discovered by researchers at Zimperium zLabs, the smishing campaign uses malicious SMS messages informing people that their package can't be delivered because of "incomplete address information," they revealed in a blog post published Jan. 27. The messages direct people to click on a PDF file that contains a malicious phishing link, leading them to a landing page that asks them to provide personal details, including name, address, email, and phone number. A further redirection collects people's payment-card data, claiming to require service fees for successful delivery of the package.

"This tactic leverages the perception of PDFs as safe and trusted file formats, making recipients more likely to open them," Zimperium researcher Fernando Ortega wrote in the post.

ZLabs researchers uncovered more than 630 phishing pages, 20 malicious PDF files, and a malicious infrastructure of landing pages related to the campaign, demonstrating a significant scale that potentially could impact organizations across more than 50 countries, he said.

Related:Unpatched Zyxel CPE Zero-Day Pummeled by Cyberattackers

Moreover, attackers use "a complex and previously unseen technique to hide clickable elements" of the campaign, making it difficult for most endpoint security solutions to properly analyze the hidden links and thus detect the threat, Ortega wrote.

"This strategy highlights the evolving tactics of cybercriminals, who exploit both trusted file formats and advanced evasion methods to deceive users and compromise their data," he wrote.

**Manipulating PDFs to Escape Detection**

Attackers use their knowledge of the back-end composition of PDF files to create a novel evasion tactic that makes the malicious campaign harder for automated security systems to detect as suspicious, the researchers found.

In PDF files, links are typically represented using the /URI tag, which is part of an Action Dictionary object, specifically within a Go-To-URI action, Ortega explained in the post. This instructs a PDF viewer to navigate to a uniform resource identifier (URI), which is usually a Web address (URL).

The PDFs used in this campaign embed clickable links without utilizing the standard /URI tag, "making it more challenging to extract URLs during analysis," Ortega wrote.

"Our researchers verified that this method enabled known malicious URLs within PDF files to bypass detection by several endpoint security solutions," he added. In contrast, these solutions detect the same URLs when the standard /URI tag was used.

Related:Mirai Variant 'Aquabot' Exploits Mitel Device Flaws

"This highlights the effectiveness of this technique in obscuring malicious URLs," Ortega explained.

**Package-Themed Phishing Not New, But Evolving**

Campaigns that impersonate the USPS and other trusted brands are hardly new, as attackers often leverage the urgency that comes with a person waiting for a package or piece of mail as a convincing lure for phishing attacks. One USPS-anchored campaign in October 2023 was linked to Iranian attackers and used close to 200 different domains as infrastructure for the attacks, as an example.

However, the scale and sophisticated evasion tactic used in the latest USPS impersonation effort makes it a notable threat, and part of a disturbing trend to take advantage of "limited mobile device security worldwide," threatening corporate users, one security experts says.

"While organizations have robust email security, the critical tension between finance, HR, and technology teams around mobile devices has created a significant and dangerous gap in protection, leading to underinvestment in web and mobile messaging security despite these becoming primary attack vectors," says Stephen Kowski, field chief technology officer (CTO) at SlashNext Email Security+.

Related:Super Bowl LIX Could Be a Magnet for Cyberattacks

Indeed, organizations need to get a handle on the issue of unsecured mobile devices in the workplace, another expert says. To do this, notes Darren Guccione, CEO and co-founder at Keeper Security, they should adopt a layered security approach that combines employee education with the use of multifactor authentication (MFA) to prevent credential compromise even if a corporate user falls for an attack.

As far as enterprise security goes, he explains, employing zero-trust security frameworks that use privileged access management (PAM) solutions can serve to further mitigate risks "by restricting access to sensitive systems, ensuring only authorized users can interact with critical data."

**About the Author**

Elizabeth Montalbano is a freelance writer, journalist, and therapeutic writing mentor with more than 25 years of professional experience. Her areas of expertise include technology, business, and culture. Elizabeth previously lived and worked as a full-time journalist in Phoenix, San Francisco, and New York City; she currently resides in a village on the southwest coast of Portugal. In her free time, she enjoys surfing, hiking with her dogs, traveling, playing music, yoga, and cooking.

USPS Impersonators Tap Trust in PDFs in Smishing Attack Wave

CISOs are planning to adjust their budgets this year to reflect their growing concerns for cybersecurity preparedness in the event of a cyberattack.

Source: Irina Guzovataya via Alamy Stock Photo

NEWS BRIEF

In 2025, chief information security officers (CISOs) will be directing their attention to becoming more cyber prepared in the event of an attack, by enhancing their crisis simulation capabilities.

That's according to a study conducted by researchers at Hack The Box, which found that out of 200 US- and UK-based CISOs, 74% said they plan to up their crisis simulation budgets this year.

These changes likely stem from rising concerns about the growing number of cyberattacks, the lack of incident-response planning, and inadequate stress-testing of crisis scenarios. Major cyberattacks and cyber incidents have impacted organizations such as NHS, 23andMe, and a host of businesses impacted by the CrowdStrike faulty update in 2024, affecting enterprises on a global level. CISOs are trying to reassess their organizations' capabilities in order to manage the chaos when it inevitably arises.

A full 77% of those surveyed said they would allocate greater budgets for cyber-crisis simulations if the exercises themselves were more realistic and actionable. 

"Preparedness is the foundation of resilience, and crisis simulations play a crucial role in testing organizations security and workforce performance when it's most critical," said Haris Pylarinos, CEO and founder at Hack The Box, in a statement. "Organizations are right to prioritize crisis simulation, and must ensure that these are implemented in the right way."

Also, 73% of survey respondents reported that crisis simulations and incident-response exercises for both their technical and non-technical teams were their top business priority this year.

Pylarinos highlighted that crisis simulation will continue to evolve, pairing artificial intelligence with expert knowledge in order to provide tailored and realistic scenarios that reflect challenges that security teams and management will face on digital front lines. "It will unite previously disparate business units as one," he said, "and allow real-world performance to be benchmarked in a controlled environment."

**About the Author**

Skilled writer and editor covering cybersecurity for Dark Reading.

Crisis Simulations: A Top 2025 Concern for CISOs

Whether you're facing growing data demands and increased cyber threats, or simply looking to future-proof your business, it's time to consider the long-term benefits of transitioning to a cloud-first infrastructure.

Tom Ferrucci, Chief Information Officer, Natco Home Group

January 27, 2025

4 Min Read

Source: MR3D via Alamy Stock Photo

COMMENTARY

Cyber threats have never held greater risk to digital business operations than they do today. At Natco Home Group, we received a wake-up call when outdated backup systems exposed critical vulnerabilities, jeopardizing decades of business data. This realization set the stage for a sweeping overhaul of the company's data protection strategy, transitioning from legacy infrastructure to a modern cloud-first solution. This shift bolstered our ability to respond to evolving cyber-risks and stay resilient during all-important periods like the holiday season. In today's rapidly changing digital landscape, cloud-based data security is an essential component to improving business continuity and long-term success.

**The Legacy Challenge**

Our journey to modernizing data protection began with a grave realization. When I settled into my role as chief information officer (CIO), I encountered a first in my 30-plus years of experience: If Natco Home were to have a significant data breach, decades of data could not be recovered. This is an issue many organizations face when they hold onto legacy solutions. In retail, the stakes are raised even higher during the holidays and into the new year.

During my first month at Natco, I found the company's existing environment lacked the necessary protections and data security best practices. Unfortunately, we had lost a significant amount of email data in a software incident and were unable to recover the data. Existing data protection infrastructure, relying heavily on outdated technologies like tape backups, was not sufficient to meet today's digital needs.

Older backup systems, especially tape, can be clunky and prone to failure. They require significant manual oversight and management, and often fail to scale effectively as the business grows. Additionally, performing a data restore from tape is a slow and error-prone process. Agile solutions are necessary to enter a new era of resiliency, with the ability to scale up and better serve customers. 

This was not just a technical problem, but a business continuity problem. For a company like ours that provides home décor to major US retailers, we needed to fortify ourselves against cyber threats and potential downtime — without burdening our lean IT team with tedious tasks. The stakes were too high to ignore, especially when downtime has a major impact on company reputation and customer service. Our old infrastructure became a bottleneck, and we had to rethink our entire approach to data security. 

**The Benefits of a Cloud-First Approach**

Ultimately, we decided to shift to a cloud-first infrastructure to both strengthen the company's data protection and future-proof our data security strategy. Cloud-based solutions offer a range of advantages over legacy systems, including scalability, automation, and streamlined management. What was most important for my team was the ability to simplify deployment and reduce the complexities of managing legacy backup storage. This freed up time for the IT team while providing the ability to better manage and protect from evolving data threats. 

After evaluating several options, we moved to software-as-a-service (SaaS) data security with Druva, which supports VMware, Microsoft SQL Server, and Windows workloads while ensuring the protection of Microsoft 365 applications. This provided the cloud-based security features necessary to safeguard critical business applications and handle increased demand during peak periods.

At first, migrating to the cloud did come with some initial challenges, such as system integration and staff training. However, the long-term benefits far outweighed the growing pains. By moving away from legacy systems, we created a more resilient and agile data security infrastructure that is better prepared for potential disasters, including cyber and ransomware threats.

**Embracing Cloud-First Security for Long-Term Resiliency**

The evolving threat landscape demands that businesses adapt quickly and effectively. Modern business environments require agility and resiliency in the face of a growing list of data vulnerabilities. Our decision to embrace a cloud-first data protection strategy has improved our ability to manage and secure critical data while positioning us for continued success. By reassessing our legacy infrastructure and adopting a forward-thinking security approach, we've been able to mitigate risks, improve operational efficiency, and prepare for future challenges.

Our modernization serves as a prime example of how organizations can safeguard mission-critical data with a cloud-first approach. By improving our security posture and simplifying data management, we addressed immediate data and cyber resiliency concerns, and laid a secure foundation for the future.

This transformation goes beyond technology — it's about ensuring business continuity and customer trust. As companies increasingly turn to cloud infrastructure to navigate peak business seasons, the lessons learned from our experience highlight the importance of proactive, strategic investments in data security. The shift to modern, cloud-first solutions is no longer optional. It is essential for ensuring long-term resiliency in the face of evolving threats.

Let this serve as a reminder to reassess your data protection strategy before this year's peak season. Whether you're facing growing data demands, increased cyber threats, or simply looking to future-proof your business, it's time to consider the long-term benefits of transitioning to a cloud-first infrastructure. By taking the necessary steps now, you can protect your business from potential risks and ensure that you're prepared for whatever the future may hold.

**About the Author**

Chief Information Officer, Natco Home Group

Tom Ferrucci is an information technology executive with more than 30 years of experience in leading global IT operations and digital transformation initiatives. Currently serving as the chief information officer at Natco Home Group since November 2020, Tom provides technical and strategic direction, overseeing all IT operations, including development, programs, infrastructure, and service desk. His leadership ensures that IT resources are allocated to priority objectives while maintaining high reliability.  Before joining Natco Home Group, Tom spent almost 23 years at Hope Global, where he was the VP of information technology and later promoted to chief information officer. While there he spearheaded digital transformation projects that enhanced collaboration, increased revenue, and improved operational efficiency. His initiatives involved integrating enterprise-class collaboration systems. His expertise spans project management, application development, network infrastructure, and telecommunications. Tom has a proven history of driving IT innovation and delivering strategic solutions that align with business goals.

Source

DARKReading