US and Canadian government agencies find that new variants of the malware are increasingly being utilized.

An advisory from the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), several US organizations, and the Canadian Center for Cyber Security (CCCS) warns of Truebot malware variants that are increasingly being utilized by threat actors against various organizations in the US and Canada.

Truebot, alternatively known as Silence.Downloader, is a botnet used by malicious cybergroups such as Cl0p ransomware cybergang to gather information from the victims they target. Older variants of Truebot were mainly distributed by threat actors by phishing email attacks in the form of malicious attachments. Newer versions of the malware allow these threat actors to gain initial access by exploiting a remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability in Netwrix Auditor — otherwise listed as CVE-2022-31199.

Cyber-threat actors are also using phishing campaigns with malicious hyperlinks to deliver their Truebot variants. The agencies urge those searching for this kind of malicious activity to apply vendor patches to the 10.5 version of Netwrix Auditor and to use the outlined guidance in the joint advisory.

"Any organization identifying indicators of compromise (IOCs) within their environment should urgently apply the incident responses and mitigation measures detailed in this CSA and report the intrusion to CISA or the FBI," the organizations stated. 

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Truebot Malware Variants Abound, According to CISA Advisory

Malware spoofed file management applications thanks to elevated permissions, enabling exfiltration of sensitive data with no user interaction, researchers find.

Two separate malicious apps loaded with spyware were found lurking in the Google Play store, loaded with zero-click spyware leading back to China.

Together, both applications tracked to the same developer, affected an estimated 1.5 million users, according to a new security alert from Pradeo. Google removed the apps within hours of being notified, the researchers add.

**Spyware Apps Relied on Elevated Permissions**

Most malicious apps rely on the victim to actually use it to successfully deliver malware, but these relied on permissions instead, according to Pradeo.

"Often, users install applications they end up not even using," the security alert said. "For most malware, that means the attack is unsuccessful. To overcome that obstacle, File Manager and File Recovery and Data Recovery can, through the advanced permissions they use, induce the restart of the device. This then permits the apps to launch and execute themselves automatically at restart."

Pradeo researcher Roxane Suau explained to Dark Reading that in addition to file manager applications, junk cleaner apps are also often spoofed for malicious purposes because of the elevated permissions required for them to perform their tasks.

Beyond sneaky permissions, the spyware apps misrepresented the amount of data collected, which raises flags about the security controls on applications available in the Google Play store, according to Melissa Bischoping, director at endpoint security research at Tanium.

**BYOD Policies Increase Risk**

"Users are often encouraged to place trust in the data privacy and safety reports on an app's page in the store, and this kind of deception undermines trust in all apps, not just the ones analyzed in the Pradeo reporting," Bischoping says. "There are over 3.5 million apps in the store, so it would be a herculean effort to perform deep-dive analysis of how each app complies with its stated privacy and security practices. That said, this type of glaring inaccuracy demonstrates a need for tighter vetting and control over what is published."

The damage these malicious applications can do to enterprises increases dramatically with bring your own device (BYOD) policies in the mix, Bischoping points out.

"A 'bring your own device' policy often results in unmanageability of mobile devices for large organizations," she explains. "Because of this, you cannot control what apps an employee may install or how much access they grant those apps. It's important to weigh the risk/reward of allowing mobile access to corporate data from personal devices."

Enterprise-owned devices should have controls in place to restrict these applications from being downloaded, Mike Parkin, senior technical engineer with Vulcan Cyber, tells Dark Reading.

"With enterprise-owned devices, they should be doing this already," Parkin says. "If they own the device, they have every right to restrict what goes onto it."

For organizations with BYOD policies, imposing restrictions on downloading apps is more difficult, Parkin adds, since the user owns the device and may balk at restrictions. "Though it would be appropriate for them to publish their expectations and, when necessary, block infected devices from accessing enterprise assets."

While malicious applications are hardly anything new, John Gallagher, vice president at Viakoo Labs, hopes incidents like these two spyware apps discovered in the Google Play Store will encourage enterprise security teams to take a look at their own policies.

"The ability of an application to have its download numbers inflated, to have more permissions than it needs, and for it to violate personal information policies and laws, are all existing attack vectors," Gallagher says. "These newly discovered threats may push more organizations to screen company-provided devices for such apps, or to monitor their network traffic to detect issues."

Spyware Gamed 1.5M Users of Google Play Store

Users need to patch the latest SQL injection vulnerability as soon as possible. Meanwhile, Cl0p's data extortion rampage gallops on.

Yet another critical SQL injection vulnerability has been disclosed and patched in Progress Software's MOVEit Transfer software — the fourth such flaw revealed in the space of a month.

The security bug (CVE-2023-36934) is distinct from the former zero-day flaw that's being exploited with resounding success by the Cl0p ransomware gang. But like that bug, it could allow unauthenticated cyberattackers to access MOVEit Transfer databases, and from there execute malware, manipulate files, or exfiltrate information.

"An attacker could submit a crafted payload to a MOVEit Transfer application endpoint which could result in modification and disclosure of MOVEit database content," according to the Progress advisory on the bug.

The flaw hasn't been exploited in the wild so far, according to the advisory — but given its severity, users are urged to patch it as soon as possible, along with two high-severity vulnerabilities (CVE-2023-36932 and CVE-2023-36933) disclosed at the same time.

The bugs affect MOVEit Transfer versions 12.1.10 and earlier, 13.0.8 and earlier, 13.1.6 and earlier, 14.0.6 and earlier, 14.1.7 and earlier, and 15.0.3 and earlier.

The other SQL vulnerabilities revealed since early June are CVE-2023-35708 and CVE-2023-35036, as well as CVE-2023-34362, which is Cl0p's target and was discovered Memorial Day weekend.

Speaking of the Cl0p campaign, the extortion gang is galloping on, claiming 200+ victims so far, including government agencies. The blast radius of the campaign has been widened by compromised third-party vendors exposing their downstream customers.

Progress said this week that it plans to release MOVEit product updates every two months from now on.

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MOVEit Transfer Faces Another Critical Data-Theft Bug

Not yet — but it can help make incremental progress in reducing vulnerability backlogs.

Organizations worldwide are in a race to adopt AI technologies into their cybersecurity programs and tools. A majority (65%) of developers use or plan on using AI in testing efforts in the next three years. There are many security applications that will benefit from generative AI, but is fixing code one of them?

For many DevSecOps teams, generative AI represents the holy grail for clearing their increasing vulnerability backlogs. Well over half (66%) of organizations say their backlogs are comprised of more than 100,000 vulnerabilities, and over two-thirds of static application security testing (SAST) reported findings remain open three months after detection, with 50% remaining open after 363 days. The dream is that a developer could simply ask ChatGPT to "fix this vulnerability," and the hours and days previously spent remediating vulnerabilities would be a thing of the past.

It's not an entirely crazy idea, in theory. After all, machine learning has been used effectively in cybersecurity tools for years to automate processes and save time — AI is hugely beneficial when applied to simple, repetitive tasks. But applying generative AI to complex code applications has some flaws, in practice. Without human oversight and express command, DevSecOps teams could end up creating more problems than they solve.

**Generative AI Advantages and Limitations Related to Fixing Code**

AI tools can be incredibly powerful tools for simple, low-risk cybersecurity analysis, monitoring, or even remedial needs. The concern arises when the stakes become consequential. This is ultimately an issue of trust.

Researchers and developers are still determining the capabilities of new generative AI technology to produce complex code fixes. Generative AI relies on existing, available information in order to make decisions. This can be helpful for things like translating code from one language to another, or fixing well-known flaws. For example, if you ask ChatGPT to "write this JavaScript code in Python," you are likely to get a good result. Using it to fix a cloud security configuration would be helpful because the relevant documentation to do so is publicly available and easily found, and the AI can follow the simple instructions.

However, fixing most code vulnerabilities requires acting on a unique set of circumstances and details, introducing a more complex scenario for the AI to navigate. The AI might provide a "fix," but without verification, it should not be trusted. Generative AI, by definition, can't create something that is not already known, and it can experience hallucinations that result in fake outputs.

In a recent example, a lawyer is facing serious consequences after using ChatGPT to help write court filings that cited six nonexistent cases the AI tool invented. If AI were to hallucinate methods that do not exist and then apply those methods to writing code, it would result in wasted time on a "fix" that can't be compiled. Additionally, according to OpenAI's GPT-4 whitepaper, new exploits, jailbreaks, and emergent behaviors will be discovered over time and be difficult to prevent. So careful consideration is required to ensure AI security tools and third-party solutions are vetted and regularly updated to ensure they do not become unintended backdoors into the system.

**To Trust or Not to Trust?**

It's an interesting dynamic to see the rapid adoption of generative AI play out at the height of the zero-trust movement. The majority of cybersecurity tools are built on the idea that organizations should never trust, always verify. Generative AI is built on the principle of inherent trust in the information made available to it by known and unknown sources. This clash in principles seems like a fitting metaphor for the persistent struggle organizations face in finding the right balance between security and productivity, which feels particularly exacerbated at this moment.

While generative AI might not yet be the holy grail DevSecOps teams were hoping for, it will help to make incremental progress in reducing vulnerability backlogs. For now, it can be applied to make simple fixes. For more complex fixes, they'll need to adopt a verify-to-trust methodology that harnesses the power of AI guided by the knowledge of the developers who wrote and own the code.

Can Generative AI Be Trusted to Fix Your Code?

The company, one of four finalists in Black Hat USA's 2023 startup competition, looks for the vulnerabilities an attacker could actually access.

As the Log4j vulnerability demonstrated in a visceral way, open source code is inextricable from modern software. Developers incorporate components, snippets, and libraries from sources like GitHub when writing their own programs so they don't have to reinvent the wheel every time they build a cart. But that means most software has dependencies even its developers don't know about, which can lead to not realizing when a vulnerability report applies to their mission-critical applications — or to scrambling to fix a severe vulnerability that is completely cut off from any source code and thus harmless.

"With 90% of code in modern applications being open source and 95% of vulnerabilities being found in transitive dependencies \[the software packages automatically brought in by OSS\], security teams struggle to prioritize the right risks for engineering to work on," says Endor Labs CEO and co-founder Varun Badhwar. And that's the company's focus: prioritizing risk across open source software, CI/CD pipelines, and secrets.

Endor does this using dependency life cycle management, which takes into account a variety of metrics to calculate an overall risk score that a company can use to set security policies. It emphasizes how a dependency is used in the organization rather than the severity of a vulnerability. Even the worst vuln, the thinking goes, doesn't matters if an attacker can't actually get to it.

**Why Reachability Analysis?**

The company calls its approach "reachability analysis." By building a complete inventory of software and then tracing every path to a vulnerability, Endor says it can determine which vulnerabilities need to be fixed right away and which can be set aside. Users can query the Endor Labs platform using DroidGPT, a chatbot that is now in beta, to figure out which open source package they can use in place of a more vulnerable one.

Where Endor really stands out, Badhwar says, is with its staff: A third of the R&D team have earned doctorates. The focus on specialization carries through to the company's "decision to tackle one problem at a time to solve it in the right way," he says.

    

DroidGPT search results for cryptographic packages in Go. (Source: Endor Labs)

That first problem was open source dependencies. "We made the decision to start there and invest heavily in reachability analysis before we move forward into other solutions," Badhwar says.

The next focus areas will be prioritized secret scanning and supply chain management/configuration posture management, he adds.

**Return of the Contest**

The four finalists in the Black Hat Startup Spotlight — Endor Labs, Gomboc, Binarly, and Mobb — will present their business models to a panel of judges at the Mandalay Bay in Las Vegas on Wednesday, Aug. 9. (Of the finalists, Endor Labs is the only one that also made the finals at the 2023 RSAC Innovation Sandbox.) Dark Reading's editor-in-chief, Kelly Jackson Higgins, will host the event, which begin at 4:30 p.m. PT.

If you're attending Black Hat in person, Endor Labs hopes to attract you to its booth with a platform demo, a cute mascot, and Star Wars keychain/bottle openers. You might also get an invite to Endor Labs' event at the Topgolf driving range and sports bar.

Speaking of Endor, the swag is a clue to the inspiration for the company's name. No, it doesn't refer to the Canaanite village where the biblical Saul consulted a witch. In this case, Endor is the forest moon in the Star Wars universe where Ewoks live. The company's security research team is even named "Station 9" after a research station on Endor.

As Badhwar says, "The story behind the name is simple — we're just huge nerds."

**Speed Round**

**Website:** https://www.endorlabs.com/  
**Founded:** 2022  
**Funding stage:** Seed  
**Total funding raised so far:** $25M  
**Number of employees:** 50  
**If the company were a band, what would its band name be, and what kind of band would it be:** "We would simply be named The Ewoks and play futuristic synth-rock."  
**Pineapple on pizza, yea or nay?:** "We posted this question to the company Slack, and it almost sparked a civil war, but the result was an exact 50/50 split, which our marketing team will break and decide YES on pineapple on pizza." — Thuy Nguyen, director of demand generation at Endor Labs

Startup Spotlight: Endor Labs Focuses on Reachability

**SAN FRANCISCO, July 6, 2023 —** Black Hat, the producer of the cybersecurity industry’s most established and in-depth security events, today announced Maria Markstedter, Founder of Azeria Labs; Jen Easterly, Director of the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA); Viktor Zhora, Deputy Chairman of the State Service of Special Communication and Information Protection of Ukraine on Digital Development, Digital Transformations, and Digitalization; and Kemba Walden, Acting National Cyber Director in the Office of the National Cyber Director, as Keynote speakers for the Black Hat USA 2023 event. 

The first day of Briefings on Wednesday, August 9 will feature two separate Keynotes, with the opening Keynote taking place at the beginning of the day, and the second Keynote taking place at the end of the day. The third Keynote will take place at the beginning of the final day of Briefings on Thursday, August 10.

**Black Hat USA 2023 Keynote lineup:**

*   Maria Markstedter is the Founder of Azeria Labs, where she runs a popular blog that teaches the community about Arm, from the instruction set to reverse engineering and exploit development. Markstedter will give her talk, “Guardians of the AI Era: Navigating the Cybersecurity Landscape of Tomorrow,” on Wednesday, August 9 at 9:00 AM. This talk will cover challenges AI brings to the cybersecurity industry and how cybersecurity professionals can evolve with the AI revolution and use it to their advantage.She has worked in various cybersecurity sectors, including threat intelligence, pentesting, and reverse engineering, and previously served as the Chief Product Officer of Corellium, an Arm virtualization startup. 
*   Jen Easterly is the Director of the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), where she was nominated by President Biden in April 2021, and unanimously confirmed by the Senate in July 2021. As Director, Easterly leads CISA’s efforts to understand, manage, and reduce risk to the cyber and physical infrastructure Americans rely on every day. In 2021, Easterly presented her Keynote, "Hacking the Cybersecurity Puzzle," at Black Hat USA, covering ways that hackers, the government, and private sector could work together to confront cyber threats. For Black Hat USA 2023, Easterly will present her talk with Viktor Zhora. Their talk will feature a fireside chat format and take place on Wednesday, August 9 at 4:20 PM.
*   Viktor Zhora is the Deputy Chairman of the State Service of Special Communication and Information Protection of Ukraine on Digital Development, Digital Transformations, and Digitalization. Since January 2021, Zhora has been responsible for cybersecurity in the Ukrainian digital infrastructure, supervising digital transformation and cybersecurity projects, CERT-UA, and the State Cyber Protection Center. He is a graduate of both the Institute of Physics and Technology of the National Technical University of Ukraine and the Institute of Software Systems of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine, as well as an author of numerous scientific publications on information security.
*   Kemba Walden is the Acting National Cyber Director in the Office of the National Cyber Director. Walden served as the inaugural Principal Deputy National Cyber Director for eight months, during which she co-led the organization, overseeing the development and growth of the office. During her tenure, the Office of the National Cyber Director drafted the National Cybersecurity Strategy, managed implementation of Executive Order 14028 – _Improving the Nation’s Cybersecurity_, and spearheaded the first ever National Cyber Workforce and Education Strategy. Her talk will be presented on Thursday, August 10 at 9:00 AM. 

For registration and additional information on Black Hat USA 2023, please visit https://www.blackhat.com/us-23/.

**About Black Hat**

For over 25 years, Black Hat has provided attendees with the very latest in information security research, development, and trends. These high-profile global events and trainings are driven by the needs of the security community, striving to bring together the best minds in the industry. Black Hat inspires professionals at all career levels, encouraging growth and collaboration among academia, world-class researchers, and leaders in the public and private sectors. Black Hat Briefings and Trainings are held annually in the United States, Europe, and Asia. More information is available at: blackhat.com. Black Hat is brought to you by Informa Tech.

**About Informa Tech**

Informa Tech is a market leading provider of integrated research, media, training, and events to the global Technology community. We're an international business of more than 600 colleagues, operating in more than 20 markets. Our aim is to inspire the Technology community to design, build, and run a better digital world through research, media, training, and event brands that inform, educate, and connect. Over 7,000 professionals subscribe to our research, with 225,000 delegates attending our events and over 18,000 students participating in our training programmes each year, and nearly 4 million people visiting our digital communities each month. For more information, please visit www.informatech.com.

Black Hat Announces Maria Markstedter, Jen Easterly, Viktor Zhora, and Kemba Walden As Keynote Speakers for Black Hat USA 2023

Linus Torvalds led a Linux kernel team in developing a set of patches for the privilege escalation flaw.

Exploit code will soon become available for a critical vulnerability in the Linux kernel that a security researcher discovered and reported to Linux administrators in mid-June.

The bug, which the researcher labeled StackRot (CVE-2023-3269), affects Linux kernel 6.1 through 6.4 and gives attackers a way to escalate privileges on affected systems.

**Affects All Linux Configurations**

Security researcher Ruihan Li of Peking University in China discovered the vulnerability and described it this week as affecting almost all Linux kernel configurations and requiring minimal capabilities to trigger.

A response team, led by Linux creator Linus Torvalds, worked about two weeks on developing a set of patches to address the vulnerability. 

"On June 28th, during the merge window for Linux kernel 6.5, the fix was merged into Linus' tree," Li said in a GitHub post announcing his discovery. "Linus provided a comprehensive merge message to elucidate the patch series from a technical perspective," Li noted.

The patches have since been backported to kernels 6.1.37, 6.2.11, and 6.4.1, "effectively resolving the 'StackRot' bug on July 1," Li wrote. "The complete exploit code and a comprehensive write-up will be made publicly available no later than the end of July."

StackRot pertains to the Linux kernel's handing of stack expansion, a mechanism for automatically growing or expanding the stack memory of a running process.

The data structure for managing virtual memory spaces in the Linux kernel handles a particular memory management function in a manner that results in use-after-free-by-RCU (UAFBR) issues, Li said. UAFBR flaws combine the use-after-free vulnerability with what is known as the Read-Copy-Update (RCU) mechanism in the Linux kernel for synchronizing the use of shared data.

Use-after-free is a type of vulnerability where a software program continues to use a memory reference after it has been deallocated or freed. This gives attackers a way to insert arbitrary code into the freed but still used memory space. "An unprivileged local user could use this flaw to compromise the kernel and escalate their privileges," Li said. The Linux kernel uses the RCU mechanism to free or deallocate used memory space.

While UAFBR vulnerabilities can be dangerous, they are not easy to exploit because of a certain delay that happens with memory deallocation when memory spaces are freed using RCU callbacks, Li explained.

**First-of-Its-Kind Exploit**

The researcher described the exploit for StackRot as likely the first to successfully exploit a UAFBR bug. "To the best of my knowledge, there are currently no publicly available exploits targeting use-after-free-by-RCU bugs," Li said. "This marks the first instance where UAFBR bugs have been proven to be exploitable."

The Linux kernel teams fix for the flaw — led by Torvalds — basically modifies the kernel's user mode stack expansion code to prevent the use-after-free condition from happening.

"It's actually something we always technically should have done," Torvalds said in a GitHub post. "But because we didn't strictly need \[it\], we were being lazy ('opportunistic' sounds so much better, doesn't it?) about things."

StackRot Linux Kernel Bug Has Exploit Code on the Way

Vulnerable Nexus 9000 Series Fabric Switches in ACI mode should be disabled, Cisco advises.

Cisco has announced that a high-severity flaw in its data center switching gear could allow threat actors to read and modify encrypted traffic — and there's no patch so far.

Cisco disclosed the cloud security bug, tracked under CVE-2023-20185, on July 5. According to the company, the vulnerability affects its Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI) Multi-Site CloudSec encryption on Cisco Nexus 9000 Series Fabric Switches.

"Cisco has not released software updates to address the vulnerability that is described in this advisory. Customers who are currently using the Cisco ACI Multi-Site CloudSec encryption feature for the Cisco Nexus 9332C and Nexus 9364C Switches and the Cisco Nexus N9K-X9736C-FX Line Card are advised to disable it and to contact their support organization to evaluate alternative options," Cisco warned.

Principal threat hunter for Netenrich, John Bambenek, said Cisco's recommendation to unplug the device should raise alarms for enterprise security teams.

"I'm not sure I've ever seen a vendor say there are no updates, and that they should unplug the device and find another product instead," Bambenek said. "For Cisco to tell its customers to disable the device tells me all I need to know about the severity of this vulnerability, and I would advise anyone to contact support to figure out how to move forward."

The delay in releasing a fix is likely due to the complicated nature of the vulnerability, Callie Guenther, cyber threat senior manager at Critical Start explained in a statement provided to Dark Reading.

"Cisco has not released patches to address this vulnerability, and it is yet to be officially listed by databases like MITRE and NIST," Guenther said. "While the absence of patches and official listings may raise concerns, it is important to understand that addressing vulnerabilities of this nature involves complex processes, coordination, and testing."

Teams would do well to follow the advice to unplug: Cisco explained that Nexus 9000 exploitation could allow cyberattackers to view, and even change encrypted data being transmitted between sites.

"This vulnerability is due to an issue with the implementation of the ciphers that are used by the CloudSec encryption feature on affected switches," Cisco said in the advisory. "An attacker with an on-path position between the ACI sites could exploit this vulnerability by intercepting intersite encrypted traffic and using cryptanalytic techniques to break the encryption."

Patchless Cisco Flaw Breaks Cloud Encryption for ACI Traffic

In another MOVEit attack, oil and gas giant Shell saw the release of the private information of its employees.

Shell, the multinational oil and gas company, has confirmed that it is the victim of a MOVEit hack, revealing that personal information regarding its employees was compromised.

According to a July 5 statement: "A cybersecurity incident has impacted a third-party software from Progress called MOVEit Transfer, which was running on a Shell IT platform. MOVEit Transfer is used by a small number of Shell employees and customers. This was not a ransomware event. There is no evidence of impact to any other Shell IT systems. Our IT teams are investigating. Some personal information relating to employees of the BG Group has been accessed without authorization."

Shell has not specified what kind of personal information was compromised, and it confirmed the hack only after the Cl0p cybergang published the data it allegedly stole from the company because Shell refused to negotiate.

The Cl0p ransomware group has used the MOVEit managed file transfer (MFT) to steal data from hundreds of organizations, and millions have been affected by the group's actions, including at US federal government agencies.

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Shell Becomes Latest Cl0p MOVEit Victim

Meta's answer to Twitter went live and quickly racked up millions of members — but the social media app's privacy practices are under the microscope.

A full 20 million people (and counting) had signed up for Meta's Twitter competitor within hours of its launch Wednesday evening — but none of those users will be in the European Union, thanks to data privacy concerns.

Instagram Threads collects a wide range of data from users, according to its "App Privacy" blurb on the Apple App Store, including health information, purchase histories, financial data, location, contact lists, search and browsing history, usage data, and a somewhat ominous category of data listed as simply "sensitive info."

Officials at Meta, which was just slapped with a record-breaking $1.3 billion fine for violating the EU's GDPR law on data privacy, told the Irish Independent that it's holding off on the rollout of the service "for now," citing a lack of clarity around the EU's Digital Markets Act, which governs how companies use behavioral advertising and various data sources.

Instagram CEO Adam Mosseri is also on record as acknowledging "complexities with complying with some of the laws coming into effect next year."

    

Source: Instagram via the Apple App Store.

Aaron Mendes, CEO and co-founder of PrivacyHawk, noted in a statement sent to Dark Reading that Threads' data collection policies are intertwined with those of Instagram, and largely follow the same pattern with regard to using that data for targeted advertising, algorithm tweaking, and more. But, he noted, users do have some control.

"It is a reminder of the depth of data Meta collects on its users and that you are the product when you use any of their services," he said. "If you will use them and care about your privacy, take the time to go into their privacy settings and select more private settings than the default. And don't give them access to everything they ask for. And take back things they don’t need anymore. You can still use most of their services without giving them everything they want."

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Source

DARKReading