Last month, Telegram banned black markets that sold tens of billions of dollars in crypto scam-related services. Now, as those markets rebrand and bounce back, it’s done nothing to stop them.

One month ago, the messaging app Telegram summarily beheaded the online industry of Chinese-language crypto scam services: It banned virtually all accounts related to the first and second most popular marketplaces for vendors offering money laundering, stolen data, and a variety of other illicit wares to the vast criminal enterprises carrying out investment scams from compounds across Southeast Asia.

Then, Telegram watched impassively as those black marketeers rebranded, rebuilt, and returned to business as usual on the messaging service's platform.

On Monday, crypto tracing firm Elliptic published a new report showing how the industry of Telegram-based Chinese-language black markets for crypto scammers has bounced back in the wake of Telegram's takedown last month of the two biggest of those bazaars, known as Haowang Guarantee and Xinbi Guarantee. Before Telegram banned the two markets' channels and usernames on May 13, they had together enabled a staggering $35 billion in transactions, much of which represented money laundering by crypto scam operations that steal billions from Western victims and force tens of thousands of people to carry out scams in forced labor compounds across Cambodia, Myanmar, and Laos. Since Telegram's purge, however, Elliptic has found that other smaller markets have now grown to almost entirely fill the vacuum those two key marketplaces left behind—and Telegram appears to have no plans to stop them.

In particular, one market called Tudou Guarantee, partially owned by Huione Group, the same parent company as the now-defunct Haowang Guarantee, has more than doubled in size, likely taking in many of the scammer-friendly services displaced by Telegram's bans and again enabling those fraudsters' billions of dollars a year in illicit revenue. Its main channel now has 289,000 users by Elliptic's count, close to the 296,000 users that Haowang Guarantee had at the time Telegram banned it. Xinbi Guarantee, too, has relaunched on new channels and regained hundreds of thousands of users, Elliptic says. In terms of sales, Tudou is now enabling around $15 million a day in crypto payments, close to the $16.4 million Haowang was facilitating daily, according to Elliptic.

“Telegram recognized this was illicit activity and the kind they didn't want to be hosting, and so they deleted the channels and banned the associated usernames. But it was clear that these people wouldn't just give up, that they would transfer to different marketplaces,” says Tom Robinson, Elliptic's cofounder. “These scammers have inflicted misery on millions of victims around the world, stealing billions of dollars. Unless these marketplaces are actively pursued, they will continue to flourish.”

Elliptic shared posts with WIRED from Tudou Guarantee—now by some measures the biggest black market on the internet—which show examples of money laundering services, offers of scam website development, and vendors selling stolen personal data that scammers use for targeting. Another Tudou post explicitly offers prostitution, including references to possible minors: “Students, queens, lolita,” the post states next to pictures of young women. “All available!!”

WIRED reached out to Tudou Guarantee for comment via an administrator's Telegram account but didn't receive a response.

Before they were taken down by Telegram, Xinbi Guarantee and Haowang Guarantee displayed similar posts offering explicitly illegal services in all those categories and more. Like the newly ascendant Tudou Guarantee, those other “Guarantee” marketplaces didn't directly sell services, but instead offered escrow and deposit features that prevent vendors from defrauding customers.

When WIRED asked Telegram in May about a report from Elliptic that focused on Xinbi Guarantee's criminal offerings, Telegram responded with a broad purge: It banned not only Xinbi's accounts but also those of Haowang Guarantee, the much larger market that had persisted for three years, enabled around $27 billion in transactions, and sold scam industry services as explicit as the batons and shackles used to imprison forced laborers in scam compounds.

In a statement sent to WIRED at the time, Telegram spokesperson Remi Vaughn wrote that “communities previously reported to us by WIRED or included in reports published by Elliptic have all been taken down,” and added that “criminal activities like scamming or money laundering are forbidden by Telegram's terms of service and are always removed whenever discovered.”

Since then, however, Elliptic has continued to share its findings about apparent money laundering activity on ten other markets, including Tudou Guarantee, in a Telegram group that included a WIRED reporter and a Telegram spokesperson. Yet Telegram didn't take down any of the accounts related to the black markets Elliptic highlighted. Xinbi Guarantee has, in fact, rebuilt at new accounts without even rebranding. It still hasn't faced new account bans, despite Telegram itself stating that the market's content violated its terms of service.

In a statement to WIRED, a Telegram spokesperson defended the company's apparent decision not to ban the rebounding black markets. “The channels in question predominantly involve users from China, where rigid capital controls often leave citizens with little choice but to seek alternative avenues for moving funds internationally,” the statement reads. "We assess reports on a case-by-case basis and categorically reject blanket bans—particularly when users are attempting to circumvent oppressive restrictions imposed by authoritarian regimes. We remain unwavering in our commitment to safeguarding user privacy and defending fundamental freedoms, including the right to financial autonomy.”

Elliptic's Robinson rejects that argument. “We've been researching these marketplaces for nearly two years now, and they're not about helping people achieve financial autonomy,” Robinson says. “These are marketplaces that primarily facilitate money laundering for the proceeds of fraud and other illicit activity."

Erin West, a former prosecutor who now leads the nonprofit Operation Shamrock, an organization focused on disrupting crypto scam operations, states her accusation against Telegram more simply. “These are bad guys, enabling bad-guy business on their bad-guy platform,” West argues. “They have the ability to shut down a scam economy and the trafficking of human beings. Instead, they’re hosting Craigslist for crypto scammers.”

Telegram's seemingly inconsistent approach to banning crypto-scam black markets may have less to do with its principles of “financial autonomy” than with trying not to run afoul of the US government, says Jacob Sims, a visiting fellow at Harvard University's Asia Center. In early May, the US Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network officially labeled Huione Group a “primary money laundering concern.” Sims argues that designation, which referred directly to Haowang Guarantee but not Tudou Guarantee, may have spurred Telegram to take action—and that it may take another similar move at the government level to push Telegram to act again.

“Ultimately, last month's crackdown shows how disruptive Telegram can be when it does cooperate, but it also shows how fast the scammers are going to adapt,” Sims says. “There's no real legal culpability that tech companies have for what happens on their platform unless there's a specific case brought to their attention by law enforcement. And so, until that changes, I just don't know what incentive they have to be proactive.”

_Updated at 2:30 pm ET, June 23, 2025: Clarified the period during which Haowang Guarantee had approximately 296,000 users._

Telegram Purged Chinese Crypto Scam Markets—Then Watched as They Rebuilt

gateway_proxy_handler in MLflow before 3.1.0 lacks gateway_path validation.

Attack vector: More severe the more the remote (logically and physically) an attacker can be in order to exploit the vulnerability.

Attack complexity: More severe for the least complex attacks.

Privileges required: More severe if no privileges are required.

User interaction: More severe when no user interaction is required.

Scope: More severe when a scope change occurs, e.g. one vulnerable component impacts resources in components beyond its security scope.

Confidentiality: More severe when loss of data confidentiality is highest, measuring the level of data access available to an unauthorized user.

Integrity: More severe when loss of data integrity is the highest, measuring the consequence of data modification possible by an unauthorized user.

Availability: More severe when the loss of impacted component availability is highest.

GHSA-wxj7-3fx5-pp9m: MLFlow SSRF via gateway_proxy_handler

A series of fraudulent text messages impersonating state Departments of Motor Vehicles (DMVs) has spread throughout the United…

A series of fraudulent text messages impersonating state Departments of Motor Vehicles (**DMVs**) has spread throughout the United States tricking thousands of Americans into handing over sensitive personal and financial information.

According to Check Point Research, the campaign first identified in May 2025 used spoofed SMS messages and fake websites to exploit public trust in local authorities and collect data on a large scale.

****Unpaid Tolls and Threats of License Suspension****

Victims reported receiving texts warning of unpaid toll violations or legal penalties. The messages urged immediate action, threatening consequences such as license suspension. Included was a link directing recipients to what appeared to be a state DMV site. In reality, these were convincing clones, designed to match the visual identity of each targeted state.

Once on the fake site, victims were asked to pay a small fee and enter personal details including full name, address, email, phone number and credit card information. While the payment amount was often under seven dollars, the real damage came from the data collection.

****A Well-Built Scam Network****

The infrastructure behind the attack was anything but random. Most of the fraudulent sites followed a clear naming pattern that mimicked real DMV URLs. According to Check Point’s **blog post**, a large number of domains were hosted on the same IP address, 49.51.75162, which has a known history of malicious activity. The sites focused on high-population states like California, Texas, New York, and Florida. However, States directly impacted by the campaign included:

*   Texas
*   Florida
*   Georgia
*   New York
*   California
*   New Jersey
*   Pennsylvania

Despite the wide distribution of domains and hosting servers, the **phishing kit** used was consistent. Each fake DMV site loaded the same set of JavaScript, CSS, and image files. The design work, behaviour, and codebase point to a centralized development effort, not the work of independent copycats.

Examples of some of the fake DMV texts scam messages received by users

****Evidence Points to China-Based Threat Actor****

Check Point researchers have spotted several indicators linking this operation to a China-based group. All domains shared name servers from a Chinese provider alidns.com, and the SOA contact email pointed to hichina.com.

Additionally, source code comments were written in Chinese, and the phishing kit itself matched patterns found in a toolkit known as “Lighthouse,” previously used by Chinese threat actors from the **Smishing Triad** in attacks targeting US DMVs.

Although direct attribution is always difficult, the overlap in infrastructure, coding language, and phishing toolkit suggests a well-resourced operation likely running from **China** or by Chinese-speaking operators.

****Impact and Public Response****

CPR noted that the scope of this attack is among the most extensive **smishing campaigns (SMS Phishing)** in the US this year. The FBI’s Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) received over 2,000 related complaints in just one month. Cybersecurity researchers believe the real number of victims is much higher, as many may have dismissed the incident due to the low dollar amount involved.

The story reached national outlets including **CBS News**, causing officials to act quickly. DMV and Department of Transportation websites across multiple states issued public warnings. They reminded residents that toll-related matters are never handled via unsolicited texts and urged victims to report the scams.

****What You Can Do****

This campaign is just another example of how a malicious text message, small dollar amounts, and the appearance of government authority can still trick thousands of unsuspected users. Therefore, users and organisations must pay attention to what they are responding to and following these tips:

*   Block abuse-prone domain extensions such as .cfd and .win.
*   Proactively alert the public about scams through official channels.
*   Go directly to the official DMV website by typing the URL in your browser.
*   Do not click on links in unexpected text messages about fines or legal matters.
*   Report scam messages to 7726 (SPAM) and file complaints at reportfraud.ftc.gov.

Fake DMV Texts Scam Hit Thousands in Widespread Phishing Campaign

Russian hackers have convinced targets to share their app passwords in very sophisticated and targeted social engineering attacks.

Russian hackers have bypassed Google’s multi-factor authentication (MFA) in Gmail to pull off targeted attacks, according to security researchers at Google Threat Intelligence Group (GTIG).

The hackers pulled this off by posing as US Department of State officials in advanced social engineering attacks, building a rapport with the target and then persuading them into creating app-specific passwords (app passwords).

App passwords are special 16-digit codes that Google generates to allow certain apps or devices to access your Google Account securely, especially when you have MFA enabled.

Normally, when you sign in to your Google account, you use your regular password plus a second verification step like a code sent to your phone. But since some older or less secure apps and devices—like certain email clients, cameras, or older phones—are unable to handle this extra verification step, Google provides app passwords as an alternative way to sign in.

However, because app passwords skip the second verification step, hackers can steal or phish them more easily than a full MFA login.

In an example provided by CitizenLab, the attackers initially made contact by posing as a State Department representative, inviting the target to a consultation in the setting of a private online conversation.

Although the invitation came from a Gmail account, it CCed four @state.gov accounts, giving a false sense of security and making the target believe that other people at the State Department had monitored the email conversation.

Most likely, the attacker fabricated those email addresses, knowing that the State Department’s email server accepts all messages and does not send a bounce response even if the addresses do not exist.

As the conversation unfolded and the target showed interest, they received an official looking document with instructions to register for an “MS DoS Guest Tenant” account. The document outlined the process of  “adding your work account… to our MS DoS Guest Tenant platform,” which included creating an app password to “enable secure communications between internal employees and external partners.”

So, while the target believes they are creating and sharing an app password to access a State Department platform in a secure way, they are actually giving the attacker full access to their Google account.

The targets of this campaign, which ran for months, were prominent academics and critics of Russia, and was set up with so much attention for details and skill that the researchers suspect the attacker was a Russian state-sponsored entity.

**Be safe, avoid app passwords**

Now that this bypass is known, we can expect more social engineering attacks leveraging app-specific passwords in the future. Here’s how to stay safe:

*   Only use app passwords when absolutely necessary. If you have the opportunity to change to apps and devices that support more secure sign-in methods, make that switch.
*   The advice to enable MFA still stands strong, but not all MFA is created equal. Authenticator apps (like Google Authenticator) or hardware security keys (FIDO2/WebAuthn) are more resistant to attacks than SMS-based codes, let alone app passwords.
*   Regularly educate yourself and others about recognizing phishing attempts. Attackers often bypass MFA by tricking users into revealing credentials or app passwords through phishing.
*   Keep an eye on unusual login attempts or suspicious behavior, such as logins from unfamiliar locations or devices. And limit those logins where possible.
*   Regularly update your operating system and the apps you use to patch vulnerabilities that attackers might exploit. Enable automatic updates whenever possible so you don’t have to remember yourself.
*   Use security software that can block malicious domains and recognize scams.

**We don’t just report on threats—we remove them**

Cybersecurity risks should never spread beyond a headline. Keep threats off your devices by downloading Malwarebytes today.

 Gmail&#8217;s multi-factor authentication bypassed by  hackers to pull off targeted attacks 

In scan.rs in spytrap-adb before 0.3.5, matches for known stalkerware are not rendered in the interactive user interface.

GHSA-5p2p-6g2c-hf7m: spytrap-adb Omission of Security-relevant Information

Scammers used Inferno Drainer to steal $43,000 in crypto from 110 CoinMarketCap users through a fake wallet prompt embedded in the site’s front-end.

A coordinated crypto theft operation targeting CoinMarketCap users has been exposed after leaked images surfaced from a Telegram channel known as TheCommsLeaks. The attack used a convincing wallet connection prompt embedded in CoinMarketCap’s own interface, tricking users into handing over access to their wallets. The result? more than $43,000 worth of crypto funds drained in hours.

According to Tammy H, a Senior Threat Intelligence Researcher and Certified Dark Web Investigator at Flare.io, a Canada-based cybercrime intelligence firm, the attack was carried out using Inferno Drainer, a known wallet-draining toolkit that’s been linked to previous campaigns.

****A Pop-Up with a Price****

The method was simple but effective. Users visiting CoinMarketCap were presented with a prompt asking them to “Verify Your Wallet” to access features. It looked identical to legitimate pop-ups seen on the platform, giving users no reason to doubt it. However, once connected, wallets were quietly emptied of whatever assets they held.

Video credit: apoorv.eth on X (Twitter)

A source cited in the leak claimed the prompt appeared across nearly every page on the site. “Make it where it appears on every page,” read one message. “Most people have coins pinned… the second they render the site.”

The attacker seemed focused on increasing visibility and maximizing wallet connections. Some reports suggest that even the connect button began malfunctioning due to being rendered too many times.

****Inside the Leak****

As per Tommy H’s analysis, the Telegram channel TheCommsLeaks began sharing details around 7:30 PM local time on June 20. The messages included screenshots showing a live dashboard used by the attacker. These visuals displayed wallet connections, token transfers and total values drained in real time.

Early numbers showed 67 successful hits and over 1,300 wallet connections. The payout was already past $21,000 within the first wave. By the time the campaign ended, the final haul had climbed to $43,266, drained from 110 victims.

Tokens siphoned off included SOL, XRP, EVT, and smaller coins like PENGU and SHDW. One transaction involving $1,769 in XRP was linked to a wallet visible on BscScan, offering public confirmation of the theft.

However, the researcher noted that not every attempt succeeded. Logs from the attacker’s toolkit also showed multiple failed drains, typically due to wallets holding unsupported tokens or negligible balances.

Attackers on Telegram

****What Happened on CoinMarketCap?****

After growing speculation over whether the attack came from a spoofed domain, CoinMarketCap addressed the issue directly. In a statement published on X, the company said a doodle image displayed on their homepage had triggered malicious code through an embedded API call. This vulnerability caused the unauthorized wallet prompt to appear for some users.

The company confirmed that its security team responded immediately after detecting the issue. The malicious content was removed, and internal systems were patched to prevent further abuse.

“All systems are now fully operational, and CoinMarketCap is safe and secure for all users,” the company stated, adding that it continues to monitor the situation and provide support.

This incident goes on to show how small interface changes, even those involving something as harmless as a homepage doodle, can be leveraged for large-scale damage. While the use of a legitimate platform’s own environment to deploy malicious prompts is extremely concerning, it reflects how easily trust in familiar interfaces can be misused.

In a separate incident reported by Hackread just last week, scammers exploited search ads to trick users into calling fake support numbers shown on real websites like Apple and PayPal. Though technically unrelated, both cases show how attackers rely on user assumptions about what’s safe to interact with online.

For now, users are advised to avoid connecting wallets directly through pop-ups and verify any prompt against the platform’s official guidance. If something looks familiar, that doesn’t always mean it’s safe.

Scammers Use Inferno Drainer to Steal $43K from CoinMarketCap Users

European police, led by Denmark and Sweden, are arresting individuals in a crackdown on violence-as-a-service, where criminal groups recruit teenagers online for contract killings. Learn about Europol's OTF GRIMM task force and how they're fighting this disturbing trend.

European law enforcement agencies, led by Denmark and Sweden, are intensifying their fight against a disturbing new criminal trend: the online recruitment of young people, some as young as 14, to carry out contract killings. This practice, termed violence-as-a-service, sees criminal groups using encrypted online platforms to offer money for shootings, often across national borders.

As per Europol’s press release, recent efforts, spearheaded by Denmark’s National Special Crime Unit and the Swedish Police, have led to several arrests. Following investigations into violent acts, including a shooting in Kokkedal on May 7, 2025, seven individuals, aged between 14 and 26, have either been arrested or surrendered from countries like Sweden and Morocco.

Among those caught are two 18-year-old men from Western Sweden, suspected of actively recruiting youngsters for these deadly tasks. Authorities indicate that some suspects also provided weapons, ammunition, and safe places for these young attackers.

****International Alliance Against Online Crime****

This alarming development has prompted a stronger international response. Europol launched Operational Taskforce (OTF) GRIMM in April 2025 to directly address the use of encrypted services for coordinating contract killings across Europe. The task force now includes Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland (the latest country to join), the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and Europol itself, with more nations expected to join soon.

Andy Kraag, Head of Europol’s European Serious Organised Crime Centre, highlighted the severity, stating, “Teenagers being paid to pull the trigger, this is what organised crime looks like in 2025. This is calculated outsourcing of murder by criminal networks that treat human lives as disposable assets.”

****A Familiar Crime****

This isn’t the first time online platforms have been exploited for grave crimes. As Hackread.com recently reported that the global 764 network child abuse ring, led by individuals like Leonidas Varagiannis (21) and Prasan Nepal (20), also used encrypted apps to orchestrate horrific exploitation.

This past case, resulting in arrests in the US and Greece, underscores a persistent challenge: the anonymous nature of digital spaces can facilitate serious criminal activity, including those involving minors.

Europol encourages parents and communities to look for early signs of criminal recruitment, such as sudden behavioural changes or unexplained wealth, offering guides for protection. Law enforcement continues to track the masterminds behind these operations, aiming to dismantle their hidden online infrastructure.

Violence-as-a-Service: Encrypted Apps Used in Recruiting Teens as Hitmen

Plus: Ukrainian hackers reportedly knock out a key Russian internet provider, China’s Salt Typhoon hackers claim another victim, and the UK hits 23andMe with a hefty fine over its 2023 data breach.

Amid Israeli airstrikes this week and the imminent threat of further escalations by the United States, Iran started severely limiting internet connectivity for its citizens, limiting Iranians' access to crucial information and intentionally pushing them toward domestic apps that may not be secure. Meanwhile, the Israel-tied hacking group known as Predatory Sparrow is waging cyberwar on Iran’s financial system, attacking Iran’s Sepah Bank and destroying more than $90 million in cryptocurrency held by the Iranian crypto exchange Nobitex.

With the US still reeling from last weekend's violent shooting spree in Minnesota targeting Democratic state lawmakers and their families, an FBI affidavit indicates that the suspected shooter allegedly used data broker sites to find targets’ addresses and potentially other personal information about them. The finding highlights the potential dangers of widely available personal data.

This week, WIRED published its How to Win a Fight package, which includes our roundup of tools for tracking the Trump administration’s attacks on civil liberties, plus the most up-to-date versions of our guides to protecting yourself from government surveillance, protesting safely in the age of surveillance, and protecting yourself from phone searches at the US Border. While you're at it, don't forget to print your own copy of the How to Win a Fight zine! Better yet, print two and leave one at your local coffee shop or library.

And there's more. Each week, we round up the security and privacy news we didn’t cover in depth ourselves. Click the headlines to read the full stories. And stay safe out there.

**Israel Reports That Iran Is Hacking Security Cameras for Spying**

Israeli officials said this week that Iran is compromising private security cameras around Israel to conduct espionage as the two countries exchange missile strikes after an initial Israeli barrage. A former Israeli cybersecurity official warned on public radio this week that Israelis should confirm that their home security cameras are protected by strong passwords or shut them down. “We know that in the past two or three days, the Iranians have been trying to connect to cameras to understand what happened and where their missiles hit to improve their precision,” Refael Franco, the former deputy director general of the Israel National Cyber Directorate, said. Like many internet-of-things devices, surveillance cameras are notoriously vulnerable to takeover if they are not secured with strong account protections. They have previously been targeted in other conflicts for intelligence gathering.

**Ukrainian Hack Reportedly Caused Comms Blackouts, Data Deletion in Russia**

The Kyiv Post reported this week that hackers from Ukraine’s Main Intelligence Directorate (HUR) launched a cyberattack against Russian internet service provider Orion Telecom that disabled 370 servers, took down roughly 500 network switches, and wiped backup systems to hinder recovery. The attacks reportedly caused internet and television outages. Orion Telecom reportedly said that it was recovering from a large DDoS attack and would quickly restore service. The attack came on June 12, the national holiday known as Russia Day. “Happy holiday, disrespectful Russians," the attackers wrote in a message circulated on Telegram groups. "Soon you’ll be living in the Stone Age—and we’ll help you get there. Glory to Ukraine.” The attackers claim to be part of Ukraine's BO Team hacking group. Sources told the Kyiv Post that Russian security agencies working on the country's war against Ukraine use Orion Telecom and were affected by the connectivity outages.

**Viasat ID’ed as Another Victim in China’s Salt Typhoon Telecom Hacking Spree**

Bloomberg reported this week that the satellite communication firm Viasat discovered a breach earlier this year perpetrated by China's Salt Typhoon espionage-focused hacking group. In early December, US authorities revealed that Salt Typhoon hackers had embedded themselves in major US telecoms, including AT&T and Verizon. After revelations last year of the group's extensive telecom hacking spree in the US and elsewhere, WIRED reported in February that Salt Typhoon was still actively breaching new victims. Viasat says it has been cooperating with federal authorities to investigate its breach.

**23andMe Hit With UK Fine Over 2023 Data Breach**

The United Kingdom's Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) said this week that it issued a £2.31 million ($3.1 million) fine to the beleaguered genetic testing company 23andMe as a result of the company's damaging 2023 data breach. Attackers were able to access user accounts and their data using stolen login credentials, because at the time 23andMe did not require that users set up two-factor authentication, which the ICO says violated the UK's data protection law. The company has since mandated this protection for all users. More than 155,000 UK residents had their data stolen in the breach, according to the ICO, which said that 23andMe “did not have additional verification steps for users to access and download their raw genetic data” when the breach occurred.

Israel Says Iran Is Hacking Security Cameras for Spying

A request smuggling vulnerability identified within Pingora’s proxying framework, pingora-proxy, allows malicious HTTP requests to be injected via manipulated request bodies on cache HITs, leading to unauthorized request execution and potential cache poisoning.

### Fixed in
https://github.com/cloudflare/pingora/commit/fda3317ec822678564d641e7cf1c9b77ee3759ff 

### Impact
The issue could lead to request smuggling in cases where Pingora’s proxying framework, pingora-proxy, is used for caching allowing an attacker to manipulate headers and URLs in subsequent requests made on the same HTTP/1.1 connection.

**Exploitability Metrics**

Attack Vector: This metric reflects the context by which vulnerability exploitation is possible. This metric value (and consequently the resulting severity) will be larger the more remote (logically, and physically) an attacker can be in order to exploit the vulnerable system. The assumption is that the number of potential attackers for a vulnerability that could be exploited from across a network is larger than the number of potential attackers that could exploit a vulnerability requiring physical access to a device, and therefore warrants a greater severity.

Attack Complexity: This metric captures measurable actions that must be taken by the attacker to actively evade or circumvent existing built-in security-enhancing conditions in order to obtain a working exploit. These are conditions whose primary purpose is to increase security and/or increase exploit engineering complexity. A vulnerability exploitable without a target-specific variable has a lower complexity than a vulnerability that would require non-trivial customization. This metric is meant to capture security mechanisms utilized by the vulnerable system.

Attack Requirements: This metric captures the prerequisite deployment and execution conditions or variables of the vulnerable system that enable the attack. These differ from security-enhancing techniques/technologies (ref Attack Complexity) as the primary purpose of these conditions is not to explicitly mitigate attacks, but rather, emerge naturally as a consequence of the deployment and execution of the vulnerable system.

Privileges Required: This metric describes the level of privileges an attacker must possess prior to successfully exploiting the vulnerability. The method by which the attacker obtains privileged credentials prior to the attack (e.g., free trial accounts), is outside the scope of this metric. Generally, self-service provisioned accounts do not constitute a privilege requirement if the attacker can grant themselves privileges as part of the attack.

User interaction: This metric captures the requirement for a human user, other than the attacker, to participate in the successful compromise of the vulnerable system. This metric determines whether the vulnerability can be exploited solely at the will of the attacker, or whether a separate user (or user-initiated process) must participate in some manner.

**Vulnerable System Impact Metrics**

Confidentiality: This metric measures the impact to the confidentiality of the information managed by the VULNERABLE SYSTEM due to a successfully exploited vulnerability. Confidentiality refers to limiting information access and disclosure to only authorized users, as well as preventing access by, or disclosure to, unauthorized ones.

Integrity: This metric measures the impact to integrity of a successfully exploited vulnerability. Integrity refers to the trustworthiness and veracity of information. Integrity of the VULNERABLE SYSTEM is impacted when an attacker makes unauthorized modification of system data. Integrity is also impacted when a system user can repudiate critical actions taken in the context of the system (e.g. due to insufficient logging).

Availability: This metric measures the impact to the availability of the VULNERABLE SYSTEM resulting from a successfully exploited vulnerability. While the Confidentiality and Integrity impact metrics apply to the loss of confidentiality or integrity of data (e.g., information, files) used by the system, this metric refers to the loss of availability of the impacted system itself, such as a networked service (e.g., web, database, email). Since availability refers to the accessibility of information resources, attacks that consume network bandwidth, processor cycles, or disk space all impact the availability of a system.

**Subsequent System Impact Metrics**

Confidentiality: This metric measures the impact to the confidentiality of the information managed by the SUBSEQUENT SYSTEM due to a successfully exploited vulnerability. Confidentiality refers to limiting information access and disclosure to only authorized users, as well as preventing access by, or disclosure to, unauthorized ones.

Integrity: This metric measures the impact to integrity of a successfully exploited vulnerability. Integrity refers to the trustworthiness and veracity of information. Integrity of the SUBSEQUENT SYSTEM is impacted when an attacker makes unauthorized modification of system data. Integrity is also impacted when a system user can repudiate critical actions taken in the context of the system (e.g. due to insufficient logging).

Availability: This metric measures the impact to the availability of the SUBSEQUENT SYSTEM resulting from a successfully exploited vulnerability. While the Confidentiality and Integrity impact metrics apply to the loss of confidentiality or integrity of data (e.g., information, files) used by the system, this metric refers to the loss of availability of the impacted system itself, such as a networked service (e.g., web, database, email). Since availability refers to the accessibility of information resources, attacks that consume network bandwidth, processor cycles, or disk space all impact the availability of a system.

GHSA-93c7-7xqw-w357: Pingora has a Request Smuggling Vulnerability

Citizen Lab and Google uncovered a new, sophisticated cyberattack linked to Russian state actors that exploits App-Specific Passwords, bypassing Multi-Factor Authentication. Discover how to protect yourself from these evolving threats.

A new and highly sophisticated cyberattack, believed to be from a Russian state-linked group, has been revealed. This innovative method tricks people into creating and handing over App-Specific Passwords (ASPs), bypassing common security measures like Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA).

This sophisticated attack was jointly disclosed by the Citizen Lab (a research group at the University of Toronto) and Google’s Threat Intelligence Group (GTIG). Their investigation began after Keir Giles, a well-known expert on Russian information operations and a senior associate at Chatham House, contacted Citizen Lab for help after being targeted.

****A Malicious New Approach****

This new attack was different from typical phishing. It was slow and very convincing. It started on May 22, 2025, when Mr. Giles got an email from someone named Claudie S. Weber pretending to be a US State Department official. The email looked real, even with other official addresses in the “CC” line. The attackers took their time, sending over ten emails in several weeks to build trust. Experts think they might have used advanced tools to make their messages sound very natural.

Source: Citizen Lab

The main trick was to get Mr. Giles to sign up for a fake MS DoS Guest Tenant platform. They sent him a professional-looking PDF with instructions. This PDF guided him to create an App-Specific Password (ASP)for his Google account.

The Benign PDF (Source: GTIG)

For your information, an ASP is a special 16-digit code for older apps that don’t work with modern security. The hackers made it seem like this ASP would let him into a secure government system, but it actually gave them full control of his accounts.

****Russian Link and Future Warnings****

GTIG has identified the group behind these attacks as UNC6293. They believe, with some certainty, that UNC6293 is connected to APT29 (aka Cozy Bear), a cyber espionage group linked to Russia’s Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR). Google later detected the attack on Mr. Giles’s accounts, took steps to secure them, and disabled the attacker’s email address.

This incident highlights a growing concern: as standard security like MFA becomes more common, attackers are finding new ways to bypass it. Experts expect more social engineering attacks that target App-Specific Passwords.

Cybersecurity teams are now advised to be wary of how ASPS are used in their organizations and to educate users about these new risks. Google is already working to phase out ASPs for business users in Google Workspaces but still balances security with user needs for personal Gmail accounts.

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