Operation Destabilise was a major international operation led by the UK's National Crime Agency (NCA) to dismantle two Russian-speaking criminal networks: Smart and TGR. These networks were backbone in laundering billions of dollars for various criminal activities.

****KEY POINTS of THIS STORY****

*   **Operation Destabilise Success**: The UK’s NCA led an international effort that dismantled two major Russian-speaking criminal networks laundering millions of dollars.

*   **Criminal Activities**: The networks funded ransomware attacks, drug trafficking, and Russian espionage, laundering over $2.3 million in ransomware payments.

*   Global Reach: These networks operated in 30 countries, using cryptocurrency and cash-for-crypto methods to fund illicit activities.

*   **Arrests and Seizures**: Authorities arrested 84 individuals, seized £20 million in cash and crypto, and imposed US sanctions on key figures.

*   **Blockchain Analysis**: The operation highlighted the critical role of blockchain tracing in combating cyber and traditional organized crime.

A joint international effort led by the UK’s National Crime Agency (NCA) has successfully disrupted two large-scale Russian-speaking criminal networks involved in laundering millions of dollars in illegal funds.

Dubbed Operation Destabilise, the investigation exposed a network of financial transactions that supported various criminal activities, including ransomware attacks, drug trafficking, and Russian espionage.

Two networks, identified as “Smart” (led by Ekaterina Zhdanova) and “TGR” (led by Rossi, Chirkinyan, and Bradens), were instrumental in facilitating the movement of illegal funds across borders, often using cryptocurrency as a primary tool.

Authorities found that between 2022 and 2023, these networks laundered over $2.3 million (£20 million) in ransomware payments made to the **Ryuk ransomware group,** provided financial support to notorious criminal organizations like the Kinahan crime syndicate known for drug and arms trafficking, and facilitated funding of Russian espionage operations, helping to bypass financial sanctions imposed on Russia.

According to the NCA’s **press release**, the network had a global reach, with operations spanning across 30 countries, including the UK, Russia, the Middle East, and South America. 

Further probing revealed the techniques employed to hide the origin of ill-gotten funds, often involving cash-for-crypto transactions. Criminal gangs used cryptocurrency to reinvest in their illegal business, buying more drugs and firearms without transferring physical money across borders. This financial service allowed these groups to continue their violent activity. 

The operation resulted in the arrest of 84 individuals and the seizure of over £20 million in cash and cryptocurrency. Additionally, the US Department of Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) has **imposed sanctions** on four entities and five individuals associated with the TGR network. These sanctions target key figures involved in laundering money for Russian elites and cyber criminals.

The operation was a collaborative effort involving multiple international law enforcement agencies, including the UK Metropolitan Police Service, French police, the US Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).

“While these organisations have sought to exploit emerging technologies such as cryptocurrency to obscure their activities, the inherent traceability of blockchain has proven invaluable in unravelling their activities that operated on a truly global scale, moving billions of dollars for a range of different threat actors,” the NCA’s head of cyber intelligence, Will Lyne, stated.

This operation has significantly disrupted the activities of various criminal organizations, including ransomware groups, drug traffickers, and Russian intelligence services. It has also exposed the complex ways in which cybercrime and traditional organized crime intersect.

1.  **Russian Court Jails Four REvil Ransomware Gang Members**
2.  **Leading French IT firm Sopra Steria hit by Ryuk ransomware**
3.  **Russian Man Extradited to US over Phobos Ransomware Attacks**
4.  **Dark Web Hydra Market Mastermind Sentenced to Life by Russia**
5.  **Hacker Wanted by FBI in Ransomware Attacks Arrested in Russia**

84 Arrested as Russian Ransomware Laundering Networks Disrupted

The ABB BMS/BAS controller suffers from an authenticated blind OS command injection vulnerability. This can be exploited to inject and execute arbitrary shell commands through the 'instance' HTTP POST parameter called by servicesUpdate.php script.

ABB Cylon Aspect 3.08.02 (servicesUpdate.php) Remote Code Execution

The ABB BMS/BAS controller suffers from an authenticated OS command injection vulnerability. This can be exploited to inject and execute arbitrary shell commands through the 'file' HTTP GET parameter called by the fileSystemUpdateExecute.php script.

ABB Cylon Aspect 3.08.02 (fileSystemUpdateExecute.php) Remote Code Execution

The ABB BMS/BAS controller suffers from an unauthenticated blind OS command injection vulnerability. This can be exploited to inject and execute arbitrary shell commands through the 'instance' HTTP POST parameter called by servicesUpdate.php script.

ABB Cylon Aspect 3.08.01 (servicesUpdate.php) Remote Code Execution

An FBI operation nabbed a member of the infamous cybercrime group, who is spilling the tea on 'key Scattered Spider members' and their tactics.

Source: Steven Frame via Alamy Stock Photo

Chasing down members of Scattered Spider, the cybercrime group known for their social engineering takedowns of massive organizations, has been a top law enforcement priority over the past several months. Now, the Federal Bureau of Investigation has made a new arrest in the case, a 19-year-old hacker living in Fort Worth, Texas — and he's talking.

Remington Goy Ogletree is accused of a phishing operation that ran from October 2023 to last May, when, according to the complaint, he was able to gain credentials and unauthorized access to two telecommunications companies and one US-based national bank. He then stole data, including API keys and cryptocurrency, and sold off access to other threat actors on the Dark Web, according to the indictment.

He is also accused of hijacking one of the telecommunications platforms to send about 8.5 million phishing texts in an attempt to steal cryptocurrency. Ogletree likewise allegedly used a hacked telecom network to send phishing messages to employees of an unidentified financial institution with the intent to steal their credentials. The FBI complaint added that Ogletree hacked into a second telecommunications organization to send an additional 140,000 fraudulent phishing text messages.

**Suspect Spills Details on Scattered Spider Cybercrime Ring**

Once he was arrested in February, Ogletree admitted to being a part of the Scattered Spider threat group.

"I know key Scattered Spider members," Ogletree told the cops. "Any company getting ransom\[ed\] ... that's not crypto-related, it's gonna be them."

He went on to tell the FBI that Scattered Spider prefers to target business process outsourcing (BPO) organizations, "because outsourcing companies, they have less security." He also told law enforcement that Scattered Spider has already compromised five of the top BPO companies, the complaint explained.

Scattered Spider threat group is well known for recruiting young, native English speakers into its fold to help pull off brazen social engineering schemes to steal employee login credentials. Some of the group's most infamous breaches include last year's casino ransomware attacks on Caesars and MGM Resorts.

**FBI Keeps Nabbing Scattered Spider Members**

The arrest is the latest in a string of Scattered Spider stings. Just a few weeks ago, another group of Scattered Spider members was arrested and charged with various cybercrimes; four of them are American. Last June, a 22-year-old British man was arrested by Spanish police for his connection to Scattered Spider and was found with control of more than $27 million in Bitcoin. And in July, a 17-year-old was arrested in the UK for his role in the Scattered Spider operation.

The arrests are welcome news. Last year, law enforcement received criticism for not doing more to stop Scattered Spider and keep them from committing additional cybercrimes.

The FBI was able to nab Ogletree by posing as a cryptocurrency laundering operation called "Cash Service." When he engaged with the front operation to convert stolen crypto to cash, they were able to track him down and make the arrest, according to the complaint.

**About the Author**

Senior Editor, Dark Reading

Becky Bracken is a veteran multimedia journalist covering cybersecurity for Dark Reading.

Texas Teen Arrested for Scattered Spider Telecom Hacks

The activity-recording capability has drawn concerns from the security community and privacy experts, but the tech giant is being measured in its gradual rollout, which is still in preview mode.

Source: Pictorial Press Ltd via Alamy Stock Photo

NEWS BRIEF

Microsoft has expanded access for its Windows Recall feature to Copilot+ PCs that use AMD and Intel chipsets, after initially offering it to users with Snapdragon-powered machines. And, it has now launched in Europe.

The launch is part of a gradual rollout that for now is in a preview phase within the Windows Insiders testing community.

Recall is an AI-powered feature that allows PC users to record everything they do on their computers, and then go back to a desired "snapshot" of activity later. It's a useful tool, as Microsoft pointed out in its expansion announcement on Dec. 6: "It's now possible to quickly find and get back to apps, websites, images, or documents just by describing its content." But the capability also has sparked ongoing concerns about privacy and data security (Microsoft keeps and hosts the recorded content in the cloud), as well as the potential for the feature to be compromised and used for cyber-espionage ends.

The tech giant appears to be taking those concerns seriously; in June, it beefed up its planned privacy and security features for Recall, including data encryption, turning Recall off by default, and requiring users to enroll in Windows Hello biometrics authentication to prove they're present at the keyboard as recording is happening. It also added it to its bug bounty program to track down exploitable security vulnerabilities.

Microsoft has taken its time with the launch in light of the concerns; after being set to go live in June, Redmond pushed the release date for Recall back to October, and then to November, when it finally became available in limited release.

**About the Author**

Tara Seals has 20+ years of experience as a journalist, analyst and editor in the cybersecurity, communications and technology space. Prior to Dark Reading, Tara was Editor in Chief at Threatpost, and prior to that, the North American news lead for Infosecurity Magazine. She also spent 13 years working for Informa (formerly Virgo Publishing), as executive editor and editor-in-chief at publications focused on both the service provider and the enterprise arenas. A Texas native, she holds a B.A. from Columbia University, lives in Western Massachusetts with her family and is on a never-ending quest for good Mexican food in the Northeast.

Microsoft Expands Access to Windows Recall AI Feature

Two operators and 50 servers that were behind an online marketplace where criminals could buy stolen data have been seized

A coordinated action between several European law enforcement agencies shut down an online marketplace called Manson Market that sold stolen data to any interested cybercriminal.

What made this market attractive for cybercriminals was that they could buy data sorted by region and account balance with advanced filtering options. This allowed the criminals to carry out targeted fraud with greater efficiency.

The law enforcement investigation started in 2022 when investigators were able to track very specific information used by scammers to the specialized marketplace. The scammers participated in fraudulent phone calls in which they impersonated bank employees to extract sensitive information, such as addresses and security answers, from their victims.

A network of fake online shops set up to phish for payment information provided one of the sources of stolen data.

Coordinated by Europol, the police in Germany, Finland, the Netherlands, and Norway seized the infrastructure of over 50 servers. With this, more than 200 terabytes of digital evidence have been collected.

Two main suspects were arrested in Germany and Austria on European arrest warrants and are currently awaiting their trials.

The operators of the Manson Market also ran Telegram channels, with one of the channels sharing credit card details, such as the number, expiration date, and the CVC code, for free every day.  

The seized website currently warns visitors that:

> “All transactions, communications, and user information associated with this site are now in the custody of law enforcement.
> 
> If you have engaged in any illegal activity, you are under investigation.
> 
> Criminals are neither anonymous nor safe!
> 
> Justice is coming…”

And we can’t deny that European law enforcement had a fruitful week in the fight against online crime.

Earlier this week the German police shut down the servers and arrested one of the administrators of the country’s largest German-speaking online marketplaces for illegal goods and services, including stolen data, drugs, and forged documents.

Europol also published how French and Dutch authorities shut down an encrypted messaging service called MATRIX, which was used by criminals to commit serious crimes, including international drug trafficking, arms trafficking, and money laundering.

The Manson Market case shows once more how important it is to be vigilant with your online purchases. Make sure you are protected, be weary of search results for goods that are in high demand, and keep your personal information safe.

**We don’t just report on threats – we help safeguard your entire digital identity**

Cybersecurity risks should never spread beyond a headline. Protect your—and your family’s—personal information by using identity protection.

 Europol takes down criminal data hub Manson Market in busy month for law enforcement 

The cybersecurity industry faces a growing crisis in attracting and retaining SOC analysts.

Source: Dragos Condrea via Alamy Stock Photo

COMMENTARY

When I began my career, the security operations center (SOC) analyst role seemed like an exciting entry point into a promising career. And for me, it was. However, the job is increasingly perceived as thankless and high-stress, filled with repetitive tasks, high stakes, and limited opportunities for professional growth. 

High turnover and talent shortages are common, so if businesses want to retain skilled analysts and appeal to the next generation of talent, the SOC role needs a serious rebrand. 

**Why SOC Roles Are Losing Their Appeal**

I won't sugarcoat it: The SOC Tier I analyst role is incredibly challenging. In a typical day, analysts receive thousands of alerts, many of which are false positives. 

This constant flood of data leaves analysts struggling to sift through the noise and focus on real threats, a task that demands both accuracy and a clear rationale for every action taken. Dismissing an alert too quickly risks missing a critical event, while escalating a low-risk alert could divert resources away from more urgent priorities. This pressure, coupled with the fear of making mistakes that could affect the team or your own credibility, often leads to burnout. The pressure, the sheer volume of alerts, and the feeling of always being under scrutiny make this role uniquely taxing.

Another significant issue I've encountered is the lack of growth opportunities. With so much time dedicated to the constant alerts, analysts rarely have time to develop new skills. Despite the extensive training and certifications many analysts bring, they're often stuck with monotonous tasks like reviewing phishing emails, limiting exposure to broader infrastructure or skills required for senior roles. 

This lack of growth and evolution leads to disengagement and, eventually, many talented analysts leave the role entirely.

**Leveraging AI and Career Development to Transform SOC Jobs**

The key to transforming the status quo for SOC analysts lies in reimagining these positions to make them more dynamic, rewarding, and sustainable. 

One solution is thoughtfully integrating AI to enhance — not replace — human expertise. By doing so, organizations can:

*   Automatically resolve false positives, allowing SOC analysts to focus on more critical, actionable alerts
    
*   Automate repetitive tasks that can be time consuming, like threat intelligence enrichment, false positive filtering, and alert triage prioritization 
    
*   Provide 24/7 monitoring to alleviate the strain of on-call shifts and cover gaps by allowing AI to investigate and escalate alerts
    
*   Triage the flood of alerts to surface only the most critical and relevant issues, empowering SOC analysts to proactively threat hunt rather than only react to alerts 
    

These applications of AI not only reduce the workload but help prevent human error, which is more likely when analysts are overwhelmed by large volumes of data. 

But AI alone doesn't fix everything. While AI can free up analysts' time by automating many entry-level tasks, businesses must then provide the appropriate structure and growth opportunities to align with these changes. 

To help SOC analysts grow and avoid stagnation, while also providing the necessary support, businesses should do the following:

*   Provide mentorship opportunities after taking steps to ensure senior analysts aren't bogged down with the same repetitive tasks as junior analysts. In many cases I found that no one on the team had bandwidth for anything beyond alert response. 
    
*   Invest in training and upskilling so analysts can perform more sophisticated tasks and advance in their careers rather than becoming pigeonholed in low-level tasks.
    
*   Implement regular evaluations to assess the well-being and development needs of SOC analysts. These evaluations are commonplace in the public sector, but I've rarely encountered them in the corporate world. 
    
*   Foster a culture of continuous improvement throughout the organization, empowering all team members to seek out new skills and opportunities.
    
*   Secure a permanent seat for security in strategic decision-making. SOC teams are often seen as blockers and are typically the last to learn about key business changes. By integrating security early, security teams can influence strategies, ensuring that protocols are built in from the start and reducing future risks.
    

**Investing in Tools, Training, and the Future of SOC Roles**

Budget constraints and organizational inertia often prevent companies from investing in the tools and training needed to make analyst roles more meaningful and sustainable. 

However, the cost of not investing is far greater — high turnover leads to gaps in security coverage, increased vulnerability to cyberattacks, lost institutional knowledge, and longer incident response times. Plus finding, hiring, and training replacements only consumes more time and resources.

The solution lies in rethinking the SOC analyst role — embracing AI to reduce stress and improve efficiency while providing better support and growth opportunities. Forward-thinking businesses that face these challenges head-on will be better equipped with the highly skilled, motivated analysts ready to tackle the threats of the future.

I want to see SOC analysts succeed. These days, I love that I'm able to help SOC analysts as a solutions engineer, working with them to implement and adopt tools to alleviate the stress and alert fatigue that can come from working in a SOC. 

Companies that fail to address these issues risk losing not only their analysts but also their security edge against attackers.

**About the Author**

Solutions Engineer, Intezer

Jessica Belt is solutions engineer at Intezer, a leading provider of AI-powered technology for autonomous security operations. With five years of experience in cybersecurity and 10 years in event coordination, Jessica brings a unique combination of technical expertise and operational excellence. In her current role as a solutions engineer, Jessica leverages her experience as a former security engineer at a security operations center (SOC) to help teams optimize their workflows and enhance their security operations. In her previous roles, Jessica specialized in vulnerability management, threat intelligence, container security, incident response, and identity security.

Why SOC Roles Need to Evolve to Attract a New Generation

The "Census of Free and Open Source Software" report, which identifies the most critical software projects, sees more cloud infrastructure and Python software designated as critical software components.

Source: Photon Photo via Shutterstock

Open source components aimed at connecting applications to cloud resources and those written in Python have jumped up the list of critical packages, according to the latest rankings of the open source software ecosystem — a reordering that underscores the projects that need to be well-funded to improve the security of the software ecosystem.

The data-collection effort — known as the "Census of Free and Open Source Software" — classifies the open source projects into eight top 500 lists, depending on their ecosystem, whether version information is included, and whether direct and indirect dependencies are taken into account. The latest survey of software, known as Census III, found that packages for Python software and those meant to connect developers with specific cloud services — such as a toolkit for Amazon's Elastic Computing Cloud (EC2) or the API for connecting Go programs to Google Cloud — have become much more popular and, thus, critical to software development.

While cloud-native and hybrid development are by no means new, cloud providers have created an increasing number of software development kits (SDKs) for developers. Their widespread use has boosted those tools in the rankings of critical software, says David Wheeler, director of open source supply chain security for the Linux Foundation, which collaborates with Harvard Business School to produce the census.

"Cloud providers offer a lot of specialized services, but the early uses of cloud were a lot of lift-and-shift moves," he says. "Increasingly, we're seeing people write software specifically intended to be run on a cloud, \[and there is a\] rising level of these kinds of packages — it's something that is dramatically increasing."

The third "Census of Free and Open Source Software" report comes more than two years after the official publication of Census II in March 2022 — an initial version of that report was released in 2020 — and nine years after the original census report. The data-collection exercises aim to identify the most critical open source software so that the public and private sectors can effectively invest in the projects as a path to improve software security. Each software package is scored using data from software supply chain firms FOSSA, Snyk, Sonatype, and the Black Duck Cybersecurity Research Center.

The resilience of the software supply chain has become a major concern of the software industry and national governments. The Biden administration, for example, released a National Cybersecurity Strategy that firmly emphasized finding ways to improve the security of software and the open source ecosystem on which most applications rely.

**Critical Connections to the Cloud**

The Amazon Web Services (AWS) software development kit for Python, known as Boto3, rose to fifth place on the list of critical software on the "Non-npm, Direct, Version Agnostic Packages" list. The library was not ranked in the previous Census II. A similar package — aws-sdk — rose to the seventh spot on the JavaScript-ecosystem "npm, Direct, Version Agnostic Packages" list, from 307th in the previous census.

Other cloud-focused packages saw similar jumps: The software development kit to connect Go programs to Google Cloud ranked eighth, while the AWS kit for .NET rose to number 30. Neither were ranked in the previous census.

Because the Node Package Manager (npm) ecosystem sees a significant volume of JavaScript downloads — 4.5 trillion in 2024, compared to 530 billion for Python, according to Sonatype — the data overwhelms measurements of popularity. As a result, the census breaks out npm downloads from those for other software ecosystems.

The data underscores the criticality of open source software to the infrastructure underpinning cloud services, says Brian Fox, CTO and co-founder of Sonatype, a software supply chain management firm.

"Open source across the board just continues to see 'hockey stick' growth year after year, which is shocking — we're starting to see really, really big numbers," he says. "That's the reason why they're doing the census, because it is so important to be shining a light on these things."

**Perils of Python 2 Boost Compatibility Library**

Replacing or patching outdated software has become a central focus of efforts to eliminate vulnerabilities from software. Over the past decade, for example, Python developers have only slowly moved to use Python 3, which was originally introduced in 2006. Last year, 1% of Python developers used Python 2 as their primary programming language, down from 13% in 2019, according to data from JetBrains' annual "Developer Ecosystem" report.

As a result, a project designed to allow compatibility between software written in Python 2 and code in Python 3 — the "Six" project — has become a critical software component, according to Census III. Typically, Python versions are supported for five years. Python 3.11 — currently used by 27% of developers as their primary programming language, making it the most popular version at present — will reach its end of life in October 2027. The final version of Python 2 — version 2.7 — passed its end of life in January 2020.

The data does not address how often developers encounter — and interact with — components written in Python 2. The overwhelming shift to Python 3 is driving the use of Six, as developers need to use older code with programs written in the latest version of Python. In addition, certain groups of developers — such as 29% of data scientists and 19% of Web developers — continue to use some Python 2 code, according to data from JetBrains, a maker of development tools.

"If you look at the raw numbers, Python 3 is far more common, but in various specific domains Python 2 is still widely, widely used, which is why Six is showing up more," the Linux Foundation's Wheeler says. "I would argue it's why we're finally able to get so many more Python 3 users is because the bridge to move from 2 to 3 is easier."

While Census III is available to download from the Linux Foundation, companies should be automating their package management and regularly testing and updating their software, says Sonatype's Fox. The real lesson from the census is not which packages should be given the most attention, but which projects need additional funds and paid maintainers.

"The sustainability of the \[open source ecosystem\] is something that should be top of mind," he says. "We're dependent more and more on largely an aging and unpaid workforce for maintaining critical software — those two things together don't end well."

**About the Author**

Veteran technology journalist of more than 20 years. Former research engineer. Written for more than two dozen publications, including CNET News.com, Dark Reading, MIT's Technology Review, Popular Science, and Wired News. Five awards for journalism, including Best Deadline Journalism (Online) in 2003 for coverage of the Blaster worm. Crunches numbers on various trends using Python and R. Recent reports include analyses of the shortage in cybersecurity workers and annual vulnerability trends.

Open Source Security Priorities Get a Reshuffle

An issue was discovered in Django 5.1 before 5.1.4, 5.0 before 5.0.10, and 4.2 before 4.2.17. Direct usage of the django.db.models.fields.json.HasKey lookup, when an Oracle database is used, is subject to SQL injection if untrusted data is used as an lhs value. (Applications that use the jsonfield.has_key lookup via __ are unaffected.)

**Exploitability Metrics**

Attack Vector: This metric reflects the context by which vulnerability exploitation is possible. This metric value (and consequently the resulting severity) will be larger the more remote (logically, and physically) an attacker can be in order to exploit the vulnerable system. The assumption is that the number of potential attackers for a vulnerability that could be exploited from across a network is larger than the number of potential attackers that could exploit a vulnerability requiring physical access to a device, and therefore warrants a greater severity.

Attack Complexity: This metric captures measurable actions that must be taken by the attacker to actively evade or circumvent existing built-in security-enhancing conditions in order to obtain a working exploit. These are conditions whose primary purpose is to increase security and/or increase exploit engineering complexity. A vulnerability exploitable without a target-specific variable has a lower complexity than a vulnerability that would require non-trivial customization. This metric is meant to capture security mechanisms utilized by the vulnerable system.

Attack Requirements: This metric captures the prerequisite deployment and execution conditions or variables of the vulnerable system that enable the attack. These differ from security-enhancing techniques/technologies (ref Attack Complexity) as the primary purpose of these conditions is not to explicitly mitigate attacks, but rather, emerge naturally as a consequence of the deployment and execution of the vulnerable system.

Privileges Required: This metric describes the level of privileges an attacker must possess prior to successfully exploiting the vulnerability. The method by which the attacker obtains privileged credentials prior to the attack (e.g., free trial accounts), is outside the scope of this metric. Generally, self-service provisioned accounts do not constitute a privilege requirement if the attacker can grant themselves privileges as part of the attack.

User interaction: This metric captures the requirement for a human user, other than the attacker, to participate in the successful compromise of the vulnerable system. This metric determines whether the vulnerability can be exploited solely at the will of the attacker, or whether a separate user (or user-initiated process) must participate in some manner.

**Vulnerable System Impact Metrics**

Confidentiality: This metric measures the impact to the confidentiality of the information managed by the VULNERABLE SYSTEM due to a successfully exploited vulnerability. Confidentiality refers to limiting information access and disclosure to only authorized users, as well as preventing access by, or disclosure to, unauthorized ones.

Integrity: This metric measures the impact to integrity of a successfully exploited vulnerability. Integrity refers to the trustworthiness and veracity of information. Integrity of the VULNERABLE SYSTEM is impacted when an attacker makes unauthorized modification of system data. Integrity is also impacted when a system user can repudiate critical actions taken in the context of the system (e.g. due to insufficient logging).

Availability: This metric measures the impact to the availability of the VULNERABLE SYSTEM resulting from a successfully exploited vulnerability. While the Confidentiality and Integrity impact metrics apply to the loss of confidentiality or integrity of data (e.g., information, files) used by the system, this metric refers to the loss of availability of the impacted system itself, such as a networked service (e.g., web, database, email). Since availability refers to the accessibility of information resources, attacks that consume network bandwidth, processor cycles, or disk space all impact the availability of a system.

**Subsequent System Impact Metrics**

Confidentiality: This metric measures the impact to the confidentiality of the information managed by the SUBSEQUENT SYSTEM due to a successfully exploited vulnerability. Confidentiality refers to limiting information access and disclosure to only authorized users, as well as preventing access by, or disclosure to, unauthorized ones.

Integrity: This metric measures the impact to integrity of a successfully exploited vulnerability. Integrity refers to the trustworthiness and veracity of information. Integrity of the SUBSEQUENT SYSTEM is impacted when an attacker makes unauthorized modification of system data. Integrity is also impacted when a system user can repudiate critical actions taken in the context of the system (e.g. due to insufficient logging).

Availability: This metric measures the impact to the availability of the SUBSEQUENT SYSTEM resulting from a successfully exploited vulnerability. While the Confidentiality and Integrity impact metrics apply to the loss of confidentiality or integrity of data (e.g., information, files) used by the system, this metric refers to the loss of availability of the impacted system itself, such as a networked service (e.g., web, database, email). Since availability refers to the accessibility of information resources, attacks that consume network bandwidth, processor cycles, or disk space all impact the availability of a system.

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