A network of Facebook pages has been advertising “fuel filters” that are actually meant to be used as silencers, which are heavily regulated by US law. Even US military officials are concerned.

Thousands of ads on Facebook and Instagram have promoted “fuel filters” using videos demonstrating how they can be easily modified into gun silencers—a process that, without federal approval, could lead to felony charges. Despite Meta’s policies banning ads for silencers on the company’s social networks, the promotions have persisted for years, driven by what appears to be a single network of more than 100 Facebook pages marketing “fuel filters” that can be easily turned into gun silencers, WIRED has found. The devices sell for as little as $50.

Silencers, also known as suppressors, are heavily regulated under United States federal law. Purchasing one legally requires submitting fingerprints, passing a background check, and paying a fee to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). Federal law allows people to build their own suppressors, provided they register the device with the ATF. But the ads don’t mention this key stipulation, marketing silencers to buyers who may not understand the legal risks.

“You know those things that are definitely not suppressors, even though they look just like suppressors,” a man says in a video that appears in many of the ads. “Well, but they’re still not suppressors, because they don’t have a hole in the other end. So, you can legally own one without going through the paperwork to own a suppressor, because it isn’t one.”

The ads often recycle the same text, referencing “light and durable air-grade aluminum,” and use videos stitched together from a handful of YouTube clips featuring firearms influencers and enthusiasts. The original creators of these videos are likely unaware their content is being used; one tells WIRED they had deleted the footage from YouTube years ago.

One ad features a suppressor engraved with the words Black Collar Arms. A co-owner of Black Collar Arms, who goes by Jeremy McSorely, tells WIRED his company has no connection to the ad. McSorely explains that the footage was taken from a blog and YouTube video he had uploaded years ago but has since removed. “The photos you saw were screenshots taken from my video,” he says, emphasizing that the suppressor was legally manufactured and engraved with their corporate information to comply with ATF regulations.

In November 2023, the ATF warned federal firearms licensees about marketing silencers as “solvent traps,” or contraptions purportedly used to collect gun oil and residue during cleaning. The agency clarified that legality depends on functionality, not what you call a product, and stressed that even incomplete parts intended for silencers are regulated under federal law.

“The test for whether an item is a silencer is not the label a manufacturer or retailer applies. Rather, it is the way the statute written by Congress applies to the item,” the ATF wrote, referring to definitions of suppressors in the Gun Control Act and the National Firearms Act.

A WIRED analysis of more than 2,800 ads revealed they are linked to a network of hundreds of ecommerce websites. These sites often reuse code, share IP addresses, and peddle the same low-quality knockoff products alongside the “fuel filters.” At least one of the sites was flagged by Google as a likely phishing scam.

Experts believe the operation is based in China and relies on a drop-shipping scheme. “It’s likely just a reshipper selling controversial or illegal products,” says Zach Edwards, a senior threat researcher at cybersecurity firm Silent Push who specializes in online data ecosystems.

Typically, Edwards explains, drop-shippers wait for a customer to place an order, then purchase the item from inexpensive online retailers, repackage it, and ship it to the customers. Edwards says that the operator behind the network is likely creating hundreds of websites, applying a moderate markup to the products, and spinning up Facebook pages to promote their items. “Even if some sites or ads get caught and taken down, others keep running,” Edwards says. “It’s a spray-and-pray method.”

Meta explicitly bans ads promoting weapons, silencers, and related modifications. According to Meta, ads are reviewed by an automated system with support from human moderators. However, enforcement has been inconsistent: While at least 74 of the ad campaigns in our analysis were removed for violating the platforms’ terms, the rest appeared to have run successfully.

After WIRED reached out to Meta, the company said that it removed the ads and associated advertising accounts. However, a quick search of Meta’s Ad Library revealed that nearly identical ones have since been published.

“Bad actors constantly evolve their tactics to avoid enforcement, which is why we continue to invest in tools and technology to help identify and remove prohibited content,” Meta spokesperson Daniel Roberts wrote in a statement.

Roberts says that many of the ads flagged by WIRED had little to no engagement, suggesting few people ever saw this content. However, at least two ads reviewed by WIRED had thousands of comments, including accusations that it was an ATF honeypot, complaints from self-identified buyers whose products never arrived, and even testimonials from others claiming the item worked as advertised. WIRED reached out to several commenters who said they had purchased the product—none responded.

The ads have also drawn the attention of US Department of Defense officials. An internal presentation to Pentagon staff, viewed by WIRED, claims that the targeted ad for a fuel filter had been served to US military personnel on a government computer at the Pentagon. The presentation, which a source says was delivered to high-ranking general officers, including the US Army’s chief information officer, raised flags over how social media algorithms are being used to target service members.

Meta’s Ad Library provides limited transparency, leaving it unclear exactly how these ads are targeted. Researchers suggest that Meta’s powerful ad tools, which allow advertisers to find niche audiences using granular targeting options, could be exploited to reach gun enthusiasts or military personnel. While Roberts confirmed that Meta did not detect any indication that these ads were targeting the military, WIRED found that advertisers can easily target users who list their job title as “US Army” or “military” on their profiles—an audience that Meta estimates includes up to 46,134 people.

Meta’s platforms have long struggled to prevent the sale of firearms and related products. An October 2024 joint report by the Tech Transparency Project found that more than 230 ads for rifles and ghost guns had run on Facebook and Instagram in nearly three months. Many of these ads directed buyers to third-party platforms like Telegram to complete transactions. In 2024, two Los Angeles County men were charged with operating an “unlicensed firearm dealing business” that used Instagram accounts to advertise and market the sale of more than 60 firearms, which included some untraceable ghost guns and weapons with scratched-off serial numbers. Both individuals have since pleaded guilty.

Silencers are rarely used in crimes, but their use is on the rise—nearly 5 million are registered in the United States, up from 1.3 million in 2017. Last month, 26-year-old software engineer Luigi Mangione allegedly used a 3D-printed gun equipped with a silencer to fatally shoot UnitedHealthcare CEO Brian Thompson on a street in midtown Manhattan.

Facebook and Instagram Ads Push Gun Silencers Disguised as Car Parts

A novel technique to stump artificial intelligence (AI) text-based systems increases the likelihood of a successful cyberattack by 60%.

Source: Krot Studio via Alamy Stock Photo

A new jailbreak technique for OpenAI and other large language models (LLMs) increases the chance that attackers can circumvent cybersecurity guardrails and abuse the system to deliver malicious content.

Discovered by researchers at Palo Alto Networks' Unit 42, the so-called Bad Likert Judge attack asks the LLM to act as a judge scoring the harmfulness of a given response using the Likert scale. The psychometric scale, named after its inventor and commonly used in questionnaires, is a rating scale measuring a respondent's agreement or disagreement with a statement.

The jailbreak then asks the LLM to generate responses that contain examples that align with the scales, with the ultimate result being that "the example that has the highest Likert scale can potentially contain the harmful content," Unit 42's Yongzhe Huang, Yang Ji, Wenjun Hu, Jay Chen, Akshata Rao, and Danny Tsechansky wrote in a post describing their findings.

Tests conducted across a range of categories against six state-of-the-art text-generation LLMs from OpenAI, Azure, Google, Amazon Web Services, Meta, and Nvidia revealed that the technique can increase the attack success rate (ASR) by more than 60% compared with plain attack prompts on average, according to the researchers.

The categories of attacks evaluated in the research involved prompting various inappropriate responses from the system, including: ones promoting bigotry, hate, or prejudice; ones engaging in behavior that harasses an individual or group; ones that encourage suicide or other acts of self-harm; ones that generate inappropriate explicitly sexual material and pornography; ones providing info on how to manufacture, acquire, or use illegal weapons; or ones that promote illegal activities.

Other categories explored and for which the jailbreak increases the likelihood of attack success include: malware generation or the creation and distribution of malicious software; and system prompt leakage, which could reveal the confidential set of instructions used to guide the LLM.

**How Bad Likert Judge Works**

The first step in the Bad Likert Judge attack involves asking the target LLM to act as a judge to evaluate responses generated by other LLMs, the researchers explained.

"To confirm that the LLM can produce harmful content, we provide specific guidelines for the scoring task," they wrote. "For example, one could provide guidelines asking the LLM to evaluate content that may contain information on generating malware."

Once the first step is properly completed, the LLM should understand the task and the different scales of harmful content, which makes the second step "straightforward," they said. "Simply ask the LLM to provide different responses corresponding to the various scales," the researchers wrote.

"After completing step two, the LLM typically generates content that is considered harmful," they wrote, adding that in some cases, "the generated content may not be sufficient to reach the intended harmfulness score for the experiment."

To address the latter issue, an attacker can ask the LLM to refine the response with the highest score by extending it or adding more details. "Based on our observations, an additional one or two rounds of follow-up prompts requesting refinement often lead the LLM to produce content containing more harmful information," the researchers wrote.

**Rise of LLM Jailbreaks**

The exploding use of LLMs for personal, research, and business purposes has led researchers to test their susceptibility to generate harmful and biased content when prompted in specific ways. Jailbreaks are the term for methods that allow researchers to bypass guardrails put in place by LLM creators to avoid the generation of bad content.

Security researchers have already identified several types of jailbreaks, according to Unit 42. They include one called persona persuasion; a role-playing jailbreak dubbed Do Anything Now; and token smuggling, which uses encoded words in an attacker's input.

Researchers at Robust Intelligence and Yale University also recently discovered a jailbreak called Tree of Attacks with Pruning (TAP), which involves using an unaligned LLM to "jailbreak" another aligned LLM, or to get it to breach its guardrails, quickly and with a high success rate.

Unit 42 researchers stressed that their jailbreak technique "targets edge cases and does not necessarily reflect typical LLM use cases." This means that "most AI models are safe and secure when operated responsibly and with caution," they wrote.

**How to Mitigate LLM Jailbreaks**

However, no LLM matter is completely secure from jailbreaks, the researchers cautioned. The reason that they can undermine the security that OpenAI, Microsoft, Google, and others are building into their LLMs is mainly due to the computational limits of language models, they said.

"Some prompts require the model to perform computationally intensive tasks, such as generating long-form content or engaging in complex reasoning," they wrote. "These tasks can strain the model's resources, potentially causing it to overlook or bypass certain safety guardrails."

Attackers also can manipulate the model's understanding of the conversation's context by "strategically crafting a series of prompts" that "gradually steer it toward generating unsafe or inappropriate responses that the model's safety guardrails would otherwise prevent," they wrote.

To mitigate the risks from jailbreaks, the researchers recommend applying content-filtering systems alongside LLMs for jailbreak mitigation. These systems run classification models on both the prompt and the output of the models to detect potentially harmful content.

"The results show that content filters can reduce the ASR by an average of 89.2 percentage points across all tested models," the researchers wrote. "This indicates the critical role of implementing comprehensive content filtering as a best practice when deploying LLMs in real-world applications."

**About the Author**

Elizabeth Montalbano is a freelance writer, journalist, and therapeutic writing mentor with more than 25 years of professional experience. Her areas of expertise include technology, business, and culture. Elizabeth previously lived and worked as a full-time journalist in Phoenix, San Francisco, and New York City; she currently resides in a village on the southwest coast of Portugal. In her free time, she enjoys surfing, hiking with her dogs, traveling, playing music, yoga, and cooking.

'Bad Likert Judge' Jailbreak Bypasses Guardrails of OpenAI, Other Top LLMs

Your messages going back years are likely still lurking online, potentially exposing sensitive information you forgot existed. But there's no time like the present to do some digital decluttering.

If you're worried about possible expansions of government surveillance and access to your information, or simply want to do some digital purging so you're not saddled with old data, there are a bunch of concrete steps you can take to protect your digital privacy. Just as archeologists study carefully preserved tombs and ancient trash heaps to gain insight into historic communities, your long-forgotten digital footprint could be more revealing and sensitive than you realize. And while you can't control everything—particularly information stolen in breaches or gathered by data brokers—you probably have a digital attic full of old data that you can delete or download and save offline. First stop? Old message histories.

Chats are a good place to start your digital decluttering. Their real-time nature makes it easy to forget that if you don't have auto-delete turned on for a chat (or if a platform doesn't offer it), all of those “be there in 10 minutes,” “wait, what color is this dress???” and “welp, I have covid” messages are still knocking around years later. If you sent them on an end-to-end encrypted platform like Signal or WhatsApp, they only exist on your device and the devices of the other person or people you were chatting with. That means that for governments or bad actors to read them, they would need direct control of your device—a good level of protection, though not foolproof.

Crucially, though, messages that you sent on regular web apps like Slack, Facebook Messenger for most of its history, and Google Chat/Hangouts/Gchat are sitting on a cloud server somewhere. And while they're probably stored in an encrypted form to protect against theft, the platform itself has the keys to decrypt your data and would be able to comply with government requests for it, no matter how old the information is. Sure, all of those “u up?"s may not seem significant now, but years and years of chat histories can paint a very detailed picture of your life, associations, political beliefs, and past movements and activity.

“Doing a good digital cleaning from time to time is a great habit, especially with social media and old chat messages,” says Kenn White, security principal at the database developer MongoDB and director of the Open Crypto Audit Project. “Who you were five or 10 years ago is probably very different than who you are today, so it's worth asking yourself, ‘Do I really need those seven-year-old inside jokes and sarcastic posts? Do I need to keep old group chat messages and carry them forward to every new phone I get?’”

Some programs like Apple's Messages make it easy to auto-delete your chat histories after a set period of time. On iOS, go to **Settings** > **Apps** > **Messages** and then scroll and tap **Keep Messages**. Then choose whether to keep messages forever, for one year, or for 30 days before auto-deleting.

On the free version of Slack, data older than a year is automatically deleted. The company keeps data forever on paid plans, unless the administrator sets up rolling deletion. This is useful if you have an active Slack with your friends, but most people who use Slack at work don't make decisions about administrative policies and can't control deletion. Keep this in mind for any communication you do on an employer's platforms. You may be able to go through and delete messages or files one by one, but you likely won't have the access to make policy decisions about automatic or batch deletion.

Similarly, you may want to go through your chats on Android or iOS and delete old SMS conversations. Meta's Messenger now offers auto-delete options, but for your existing chats, you have to go down the list on desktop or in the Messenger mobile app and delete chats one by one. Meta's other chat platforms, Instagram Chat and WhatsApp, are similar, except that WhatsApp has been end-to-end encrypted since 2016 instead of adding the protection recently.

Consider whether you've spent time chatting on other social platforms as well. X, for example, has been through a lot of changes since Elon Musk bought Twitter more than two years ago and took the company private again. Musk promised that he would add end-to-end encryption to DMs on X, and eventually debuted an opt-in encryption feature with the paid tier of the platform, but the company doesn't definitively say that the tool offers full end-to-end encryption and it isn't open source for vetting. You can delete individual messages or go through your chat list and delete whole DM conversations if you want to pare down the data you're keeping on the platform.

If you've had Gmail for a long time, the messenger service “Google Talk,” once colloquially known as “Gchat,” may have a special place in your heart. And perhaps, over the years, you went through the saga in which Gchat—which was once known for interoperability with platforms like AIM—became the siloed Google chat platform Hangouts, and then transformed again into what is now called Google Chat. Your chats on this platform through the years are still hanging around, but they're not all in the same place.

The crucial thing to understand is that Gchat was fully integrated with Gmail and wasn't a separate platform, so your chat histories all saved in your mail archive. To find them now, open Gmail and **search for the phrase in:chats** (using no quotation marks). Hundreds or thousands of chats from May 2013 and earlier may pop up. They must be deleted directly from Gmail. After May 2013, Google migrated Gchat users to Hangouts, and that history has come forward into what is now Google Chat, so you can delete whole chats or individual messages there.

“Messages sent and received with history on in Google Talk from before May 2013 (the time when Google Hangouts launched) are stored in Gmail under the ‘in:chats’ label. Those messages are not available in Google Chat and can be deleted directly from Gmail only,” Google spokesperson Ross Richendrfer tells WIRED. “In terms of Hangouts data—which was merged with Chat—core Chat controls (including deletion) will work.”

There are lots of other chat apps to consider, too, where old messages may still be lurking. Think about Skype chat or GroupMe. And there's one other complicating factor when you declutter your messages: Most deletion features only delete data from your account, and the messages live on in the accounts of the person or people you were chatting with. To do a total digital detox you need to recruit your community to delete their message archives as well.

Additionally, you may feel sentimental about burning your letters (aka deleting all of your old chats). If you're sad about hitting that trash icon, consider downloading chat histories with your closest friends or other loved ones and storing them on an encrypted external hard drive before deleting them from the cloud. This way, you don't have to give up that slice of life completely, but the data isn't controlled by other entities anymore.

“Some apps, including Signal, give one the ability to set a ‘self-destruct’ time on messages, perhaps in hours or weeks. This is worth considering to reduce your exposure, particularly if you travel outside the country, are politically active, or in any way have a higher public profile,” MongoDB's White says. “It's easy to dismiss the potential of attacks on our personal data and physical safety as something that's only a concern for some James Bond–type scenarios, but the hard truth is that threats exist in many forms, both online and in person.”

Hey, Maybe It's Time to Delete Some Old Chat Histories

SUMMARY A sophisticated attack campaign has compromised at least 16 Chrome browser extensions, exposing over 600,000 users to…

****SUMMARY****

*   **Large-Scale Breach**: Over 16 Chrome extensions were compromised, exposing 600,000+ users to data and credential theft.

*   **Phishing Attack**: Developers were tricked into granting access to a malicious OAuth app via fake Chrome Web Store emails.

*   **Cyberhaven Impact**: Attackers used admin credentials to deploy a malicious update stealing sensitive user data.

*   **Widespread Impact**: Many extensions across categories are linked to the same malicious infrastructure.

*   **Response & Recommendations**: Revoke credentials, monitor logs, and secure extensions; investigations continue.

A sophisticated attack campaign has compromised at least 16 Chrome browser extensions, exposing over 600,000 users to data theft and credential theft. The attack targeted extension publishers through phishing emails that mimicked official communications from the Chrome Web Store.

These emails, designed to create a sense of urgency, tricked developers into granting malicious applications access to their accounts. This allowed attackers to inject malicious code into legitimate extensions.

The recipient was directed to accept the policies by clicking a link, which then led them to a page for granting permissions to a malicious OAuth application called “Privacy Policy Extension.

Cyberhaven, a cybersecurity firm specializing in data loss prevention, was among the impacted firms and the first to publicly disclose its compromise. The attack occurred on December 24 and involved phishing a company employee to gain access to their Chrome Web Store admin credentials. 

According to Cyberhaven, the attackers compromised the “single admin account for the Google Chrome Store” and managed to publish a malicious update to their popular Chrome extension. This update, deployed on Christmas Day, was designed to steal sensitive user data, including passwords, session tokens, Facebook account credentials, and cookies.

The malicious extension, version 24.10.4, remained active for over 31 hours before being detected and removed from the Chrome Web Store. “Our security team detected this compromise at 11:54 PM UTC on December 25 and removed the malicious package within 60 minutes,” the company’s disclosure read.

Cyberhaven immediately released a legitimate update (version 24.10.5), hired Mandiant to develop an incident response plan and also notified federal law enforcement agencies for investigation. The company has confirmed that its systems, including CI/CD processes and code signing keys, were not compromised.

In an email sent to its customers, Cyberhaven has advised users to revoke and rotate passwords and text-based credentials, such as API tokens, and review their logs for malicious activity. This is due to the potential for stolen session tokens and cookies to bypass security measures, allowing hackers to access logged-in accounts without a password or two-factor code. However, the company has not disclosed the method of the breach or the corporate security policies that allowed the account compromise. 

Following the Cyberhaven breach, security researchers discovered numerous other compromised extensions exhibiting similar malicious behaviour. These extensions, spanning various categories including AI assistants, VPNs, and productivity tools, were found to be communicating with the same command-and-control servers.

> Regarding the Cyberhaven chrome extension compromise I have reasons to believe there are other extensions affected. Pivoting by the ip address there are more domains created within the same time range resolving to the same ip address as cyberhavenextpro (cont)
> 
> — Jaime Blasco (@jaimeblascob) December 27, 2024

Other extensions found to have been compromised, according to Secure Annex, a browser extension security platform, include the following:

Name

ID

VPNCity

nnpnnpemnckcfdebeekibpiijlicmpom

Parrot Talks

kkodiihpgodmdankclfibbiphjkfdenh

Uvoice

oaikpkmjciadfpddlpjjdapglcihgdle

Internxt VPN

dpggmcodlahmljkhlmpgpdcffdaoccni

Bookmark Favicon Changer

acmfnomgphggonodopogfbmkneepfgnh

Castorus

mnhffkhmpnefgklngfmlndmkimimbphc

Wayin AI

cedgndijpacnfbdggppddacngjfdkaca

Search Copilot AI Assistant for Chrome

bbdnohkpnbkdkmnkddobeafboooinpla

VidHelper – Video Downloader

egmennebgadmncfjafcemlecimkepcle

AI Assistant – ChatGPT and Gemini for Chrome

bibjgkidgpfbblifamdlkdlhgihmfohh

Vidnoz Flex – Video recorder & Video share

cplhlgabfijoiabgkigdafklbhhdkahj

TinaMind – The GPT-4o-powered AI Assistant!

befflofjcniongenjmbkgkoljhgliihe

Bard AI chat

pkgciiiancapdlpcbppfkmeaieppikkk

Reader Mode

llimhhconnjiflfimocjggfjdlmlhblm

Primus (prev. PADO)

oeiomhmbaapihbilkfkhmlajkeegnjhe

Tackker – online keylogger tool

ekpkdmohpdnebfedjjfklhpefgpgaaji

AI Shop Buddy

epikoohpebngmakjinphfiagogjcnddm

Sort by Oldest

miglaibdlgminlepgeifekifakochlka

Rewards Search Automator

eanofdhdfbcalhflpbdipkjjkoimeeod

Earny – Up to 20% Cash Back

ogbhbgkiojdollpjbhbamafmedkeockb

ChatGPT Assistant – Smart Search

bgejafhieobnfpjlpcjjggoboebonfcg

Keyboard History Recorder

igbodamhgjohafcenbcljfegbipdfjpk

Email Hunter

mbindhfolmpijhodmgkloeeppmkhpmhc

Visual Effects for Google Meet

hodiladlefdpcbemnbbcpclbmknkiaem

Cyberhaven security extension V3

pajkjnmeojmbapicmbpliphjmcekeaac

This means that it is a well-thought-after large-scale attack. Security researchers are still searching for more exposed extensions, but the sophistication and scope of the attack have increased the importance for organizations to secure their browser extensions. The identity of the attacker remains unclear.

1.  **Fake ChatGPT Extension Hijacks Facebook Accounts**
2.  **Chrome Extensions Harboring Dormant Colors Malware**
3.  **EmailGPT Flaw Puts User Data at Risk: Remove the Extension NOW**
4.  **Fake Ads Manager Malicious Extensions Target Facebook Accounts**
5.  **Ad-blocker Chrome extension AllBlock injected ads in Google searches**

16 Chrome Extensions Hacked in Large-Scale Credential Theft Scheme

Palo Alto, Calif., USA, 30th December 2024, CyberNewsWire

**Palo Alto, Calif., USA, December 30th, 2024, CyberNewsWire**

SquareX, an industry-first Browser Detection and Response (BDR) solution, leads the way in browser security. About a week ago, SquareX reported large-scale attacks targeting Chrome Extension developers aimed at taking over the Chrome Extension from the Chrome Store.

On December 25th, 2024, a malicious version of Cyberhaven’s browser extension was published on the Chrome Store that allowed the attacker to hijack authenticated sessions and exfiltrate confidential information. The malicious extension was available for download for more than 30 hours before being removed by Cyberhaven. The data loss prevention company declined to comment on the extent of the impact when approached by the press, but the extension had over 400,000 users on the Chrome Store at the time of the attack.

Unfortunately, the attack took place as SquareX’s researchers had identified a similar attack with a video demonstrating the entire attack pathway just a week before the Cyberhaven breach. The attack begins with a phishing email impersonating Chrome Store containing a supposed violation of the platform’s “Developer Agreement”, urging the receiver to accept the policies to prevent their extension from being removed from Chrome Store. Upon clicking on the policy button, the user gets prompted to connect their Google account to a “Privacy Policy Extension”, which grants the attacker access to edit, update and publish extensions on the developer’s account.

Fig 1. Phishing email targeting extension developers

Fig 2. Fake Privacy Policy Extension requesting access to “edit, update or publish” the developer’s extension

Extensions have become an increasingly popular way for attackers to gain initial access. This is because most organizations have limited purview on what browser extensions their employees are using. Even the most rigorous security teams typically do not monitor subsequent updates once an extension is whitelisted.

SquareX has conducted extensive research and demonstrated at DEFCON 32, how MV3-compliant extensions can be used to steal video stream feeds, add a silent GitHub collaborator, and steal session cookies, among others. Attackers can create a seemingly harmless extension and later convert it into a malicious one post-installation or, as demonstrated in the attack above, deceive the developers behind a trusted extension to gain access to one that already has hundreds of thousands of users. In Cyberhaven’s case, attackers were able to steal company credentials across multiple websites and web apps through the malicious version of the extension.

Given that developer emails are publicly listed on Chrome Store, it is easy for attackers to target thousands of extension developers at once. These emails are typically used for bug reporting. Thus, even support emails listed for extensions from larger companies are usually routed to developers who may not have the level of security awareness required to find suspicion in such an attack. As per SquareX’s attack disclosure and the Cyberhaven breach that occurred within the span of less than two weeks, the company has strong reason to believe that many other browser extension providers are being attacked in the same way. SquareX urges companies and individuals alike to conduct a careful inspection before installing or updating any browser extensions.

Fig 3. Contact details of extension developers are publicly available on Chrome Store

SquareX team understands that it can be non-trivial to evaluate and monitor every single browser extension in the workforce amidst all the competing security priorities, especially when it comes to zero-day attacks. As demonstrated in the video, the fake privacy policy app involved in Cyberhaven’s breach was not even detected by any popular threat feeds.

SquareX’s Browser Detection and Response (BDR) solution takes this complexity off security teams by:

*   Blocking OAuth interactions to unauthorized websites to prevent employees from accidentally giving attackers unauthorized access to your Chrome Store account
*   Blocking and/or flagging any suspicious extension updates containing new, risky permissions
*   Blocking and/or flagging any suspicious extensions with a surge of negative reviews
*   Blocking and/or flagging installations of sideloaded extensions
*   Streamline all requests for extension installations outside the authorized list for quick approval based on company policy 
*   Full visibility on all extensions installed and used by employees across the organization

> SquareX’s founder Vivek Ramachandran warns: “Identity attacks targeting browser extensions similar to this OAuth attack will only become more prevalent as employees rely on more browser-based tools to be productive at work. Similar variants of these attacks have been used in the past to steal cloud data from apps like Google Drive and One Drive and we will only see attackers get more creative in exploiting browser extensions. Companies need to remain vigilant and minimize their supply chain risk without hampering employee productivity by equipping them with the right browser native tools.”

**About SquareX:**

SquareX helps organizations detect, mitigate, and threat-hunt client-side web attacks happening against their users in real-time.

SquareX’s industry-first Browser Detection and Response (BDR) solution, takes an attack-focused approach to browser security, ensuring enterprise users are protected against advanced threats like malicious QR Codes, Browser-in-the-Browser phishing, macro-based malware, and other web attacks encompassing malicious files, websites, scripts, and compromised networks.

With SquareX, enterprises can provide contractors and remote workers with secure access to internal applications, and enterprise SaaS, and convert the browsers on BYOD / unmanaged devices into trusted browsing sessions.

**Contact**

**Head of PR**  
**Junice Liew**  
**SquareX**  
**\[email protected\]**

SquareX Researchers Expose OAuth Attack on Chrome Extensions Days Before Major Breach

From Elon Musk and Donald Trump to state-sponsored hackers and crypto scammers, this was the year the online agents of chaos gained ground.

For its entire existence as a global medium, the internet's evolution has been caught in a tug of war, pulled by opposing forces: on one side, moderation and control; on the other, disruption and anarchy.

This year, the most prominent actors weighing in on the side of disruption were familiar faces: The reckless oligarchs, cybercriminals, scammers, and state-sponsored hackers who made the internet feel particularly dangerous in 2024 were, to some degree, the same forces destabilizing the online world in 2023. But perhaps more than in any other recent year, those agents of chaos seemed to persist in the face of opposition, to grow in their influence—and to win.

From Elon Musk's completed remake of X in his own tech-bro image to Trump's disinformation-fueled campaign, to Russia's ongoing cyberattacks against Ukraine, to China's relentless onslaught of digital intrusions and crypto scammers' global spread, the online experience of 2024 was messy, hazardous, and Hobbesian. And for the most part, the people who made it that way are poised to exert even more influence over the year to come.

As we do every year, WIRED has assembled a list of the most dangerous people, groups, and organizations on the internet. Here are our picks for 2024.

**Elon Musk**

After years of evolution from entrepreneur to edgelord, Musk seemed to reach his final form this year in the run-up to November's US election. Once a technologist with ambiguous politics who occasionally pursued public arguments against scuba divers, Musk now uses his megaphone of 200-million-plus followers on X, the social media platform he fully controls, to broadcast an unrelenting stream of anti-regulation, anti-immigrant, anti-transgender, anti-press, anti-progressive talking points. He's amplified and repeated disinformation, like claims after the disastrous damage done by Hurricanes Helene and Milton that the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) was hoarding supplies or had spent its budget on migrants instead of needy Americans. He's repeated debunked theories about voter fraud and immigrants swinging elections. In at least one case, he's even seemed to drop a reference that suggest support for the QAnon movement, which maintains bizarre theories about satanic pedophile rings that only Donald Trump can destroy.

Meanwhile, Musk continues to push his AI startup, xAI, toward one of the most no-holds-barred visions of what that technology can make possible, with little regard for safety or preventing its use for disinformation. The company this year launched new image-generation capabilities in its Grok tool that were immediately used to create images of copyrighted characters, celebrities, and political figures in compromising or sexual positions. Musk himself at one point posted an AI-generated deepfake of Kamala Harris that mocked her with her own voice—with no annotation that it was not authentic—that received 150 million views.

More than any particular political message or technology he's pushed, however, the danger Musk represents is simply that the richest man in the world can buy one of the internet's most vital media platforms, then use it, along with hundreds of millions of dollars in donations, to elect the president of his choosing and shape US policy. After Trump's election, Musk was rewarded with hundreds of billions more in net worth. The system, in other words, is working—for oligarchs like Elon Musk.

**Donald Trump**

For the next four years, Donald Trump will once again be the most powerful single person in the world. This year, he was just a very loud one. On social media platforms like X—where Musk reinstated Trump's account despite a 2021 ban following his incitement of the January 6 storming of the US Capitol—and Trump's own Truth Social, he lit fires with false claims that arguably helped fuel his path to political victory. Like Musk, he made and repeated falsehoods such as FEMA spending its budget on immigrants rather than hurricane victims, or that immigrants were stealing and eating pets. By converting Robert F. Kennedy Jr. from a third-party candidate to an endorsing ally, Trump also reciprocally endorsed RFK Jr.'s long-running stream of anti-vaccine misinformation, rhetoric that has led to childhood vaccine rates now dipping to a lower level than before the Covid-19 pandemic.

Once his second term in office begins, Trump is poised to use digital surveillance to carry out a highly disruptive and even vindictive agenda: He's promised mass deportations of millions of immigrants starting on day one of his administration, and he's vowed to target political opponents and journalists with prosecution. There's little doubt that Trump will top this list in 2025. But in 2024, his words alone represent a clear and present danger.

**Volt Typhoon**

In the cybersecurity world, the last months of 2024 have been dominated by warnings from public officials about a Chinese state-sponsored hacking group known as Salt Typhoon, which has penetrated at least eight telecoms, in some cases accessing the real-time calls and texts of Americans. But in the midst of that cyberespionage scandal, a different, far more dangerous digital threat from China still quietly looms: A Chinese state-sponsored group called Volt Typhoon spent much of 2024 continuing its stealthy campaign to breach US critical infrastructure facilities—not to spy on communications, but to prepare for a potential cyberattack. While headlines about Volt Typhoon have largely dissipated since it was first called out and named by Microsoft in May of 2023, officials warn that the group continues to “pre-position” itself inside of networks that appear to be chosen for maximum disruption, perhaps timed to a Chinese invasion of Taiwan. Given that Chinese head of state Xi Jinping has told his country's military to be prepared for that invasion by 2027, now is the time to head off the digital salient of what could be a world-shaking future war.

**Sandworm**

While Volt Typhoon prepares, Sandworm attacks. The Russian hacking group, a unit of the country's GRU military intelligence agency, has in fact carried out many of the most disruptive cyberattacks of the past decade. Those attacks—mostly in Ukraine—include at least three blackouts triggered by its hacking, the destructive NotPetya malware that spread around the globe and inflicted $10 billion in damage, and countless data-destroying breaches that the group has carried out since the beginning of Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022. In 2024, as Russia fought Ukraine to a stalemate or regained territory in the east of the country, Sandworm continued to project its power beyond that front: Security firm StrikeReady discovered Sandworm targeting Ukraine's energy sector again this fall, perhaps in preparation for another round of electrical utility hacking, either to carry out its own attacks or as reconnaissance for the Russian military's now-annual physical bombing of Ukraine's grid.

**Israeli Military and Intelligence**

Last year, WIRED named both the IDF and Hamas on this list, a nod to each side's use of the internet in its propaganda efforts in the war in Gaza following Hamas' October 7 attack. This year, with Israel's adversaries in that conflict like Hamas and Hezbollah significantly weakened and in retreat, it's the Israeli forces that remain on the offensive. Israel's military continues to use AI tooling to identify targets for bombs as its strikes have killed tens of thousands of Gazan civilians and leveled entire cities in the territory. Israeli missiles continue to intermittently knock out Gaza's communications infrastructure, destroying 80 percent of the country's top telecom's cell towers and leading to information blackouts amid the destruction and starvation of that now year-plus siege. Add to all of that a still-mysterious Israeli supply chain attack that hid lethal explosives in pagers and walkie-talkies in an effort to target Hezbollah operatives, which led to immediate distrust of all communications devices in the country, and Israel's government forces remain an internet apex predator by any definition.

**Black Cat/AlphV/RansomHub**

Ransomware in 2024 was, again, one of the most abhorrent forms of cybercrime to blight the internet. But few ransomware attacks in history have been quite as dangerous and damaging as the one that targeted UnitedHealthcare subsidiary Change Healthcare early this year, carried out by a ransomware group known as Black Cat or AlphV. Even after extracting a $22 million ransom from the company—a payment processor that handles around 40 percent of all health care insurance claims across the US—the hackers' disruption of Change's network continued to prevent the company from completing payments to pharmacies, clinics, health care practices, and hospitals across the country for weeks, causing some to even go out of business. Then, as if it hadn't inflicted enough chaos, AlphV ran off with Change's ransom money instead of sharing it with a group of hackers with whom it had partnered to infiltrate the company. That led the jilted hackers to share the data stolen from Change Healthcare with another, newer ransomware crew called RansomHub, which extorted the company a second time—an unprecedented health care cybersecurity debacle.

**The Com**

Even in an age of state-sponsored Chinese cyberspies, Russian hacker saboteurs, and ransomware gangs, nihilistic young hackers remain a constant in the darker corners of the internet. And few of those corners are as dark as the ones frequented by the Com. The loose movement of online trolls and criminals who operate under the Com banner in channels on Telegram and Discord, many just in their teens, engage in some of the most despicable digital crimes possible, from petty crypto theft and ransomware to sextortion, harassment, and the creation and trade of child sexual abuse material. This year, several members of a Com subgroup of ransomware hackers known as Scattered Spider were arrested, following their alleged high-profile 2023 attacks on companies including Caesar's Entertainment and MGM Resorts. But other members of the group are allegedly responsible for the serial breaches of well over a hundred customers of the cloud provider Snowflake. It's a safe bet that the Com will continue to serve as a haven for plenty more criminal acts to come.

**Data Brokers**

Once, privacy fears centered on government agencies like the FBI and NSA and their ability to carry out mass surveillance worldwide. Now, increasingly, we give away that same surveillance data en masse to companies you've never heard of. This year, it came to light that several data brokers collect and then sell access to Americans' highly granular location data pulled from their phones. Surveillance services like Babel Street's LocateX allegedly can—and do—track visitors to sensitive locations abortion clinic or mosques. A data broker called Near Intelligence left a vast cache of location data exposed online, revealing the movements of hundreds of visitors to sex trafficker Jeffrey Epstein's island in the Caribbean. Reporting on both companies has demonstrated how much private location data our devices leave behind as revelatory digital detritus, and how the possession of that data now extends far beyond government agencies to little-known firms with highly questionable privacy and security practices.

**Character.AI**

If 2023 was the year that AI tools future-shocked the internet with their seemingly abrupt rise to prominence, 2024 was the year that those tools became normalized, quietly settling into common use in spite of all their alleged flaws and ethical problems. Yet those issues are still there, and perhaps no startup better exemplifies them than Character.AI, an AI firm backed by $2.7 billion in investment from Google. According to lawsuits filed in Texas and Florida against the company, its chatbots have encouraged children to engage in self-harm and violence against their parents, and allegedly contributed to 14-year-old dying by suicide. Other chatbots hosted by the company have allegedly coached kids into developing eating disorders, role-playing as school shooters, and even seemed to be sexually grooming them. Despite repeatedly vowing to implement age restrictions, no meaningful age safeguards appear to have been added even now, according to news outlet Futurism. If this is the future of artificial intelligence, the AI era is going to be a dark age indeed.

**Crypto Scammers**

The crypto-based investment scams known as “pig butchering”—a term experts now say should be retired because it can further harm victims—pulled in a staggering $37 billion in 2023, and likely more in 2024. The victims of that explosively growing form of crimes aren't just those who fall for its scams and lose their life savings, but also many of the perpetrators of the scams themselves: As many as 200,000 people have been enslaved in compounds across Southeast Asia and forced to carry out the fraud schemes. In some cases, they've been kept in electrified shackles and faced threats of cattle prods and beatings from the gangs overseeing their work. This year, the dystopia those scammers have ushered in has begun to spread worldwide, with operations cropping up in the Middle East, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and West Africa. The targets of their fraud, of course, are even more global. Crypto scams have already become a top-tier form of cybercrime, and there's no end in sight to the expansion of this predatory underworld industry.

The Most Dangerous People on the Internet in 2024

Organizations in the region should expect to see threat actors accelerate their use of AI tools and mount ongoing "harvest now, decrypt later" attacks for various malicious use cases.

Source: Tero Vesalainen via Shutterstock

If incidents this year are any indication, deepfakes and “harvest now, decrypt later” attacks spurred by the growing adoption of quantum computing projects are among the many concerns that organizations in the Asia-Pacific (APAC) region will need to deal with in 2025.

Over the past year, cybercriminals operating in the APAC region have increasingly leveraged AI to launch sophisticated campaigns — such as AI-generated phishing emails, adaptive malware, and deepfakes. The attacks have undermined trust in critical communications and exacerbated social tensions, says Clement Lee, security architect and evangelist at Check Point Software Technologies, Asia Pacific.

**An Increase in Deepfakes & Quantum Computing-Related Cyberattacks**

"This was starkly demonstrated during recent elections seen across APAC: in India where deepfakes fueled widespread disinformation; in Indonesia, where a doctored deepfake video aimed to stir anti-China sentiment; and in Hong Kong, a finance worker who was duped into sending $25 million by a deepfake impersonation of company executives," Lee says. As these tactics start extending from political spheres into the corporate realm, businesses must adopt AI-driven security defenses to counter them, Lee notes.

Simon Green, president of Asia, Pacific, and Japan at Palo Alto Networks, described the APAC region as being on the cusp of a "perfect storm of AI-driven cyber threats" heading into 2025. Attacks featuring deepfake audio and video will likely be the most visible manifestations of the trend, he noted.

Related:Middle East Cyberwar Rages On, With No End in Sight

"We can expect deepfakes to be used alone or as part of a larger attack much more often in 2025," Green said. The use of audio deepfakes in particular is likely to increase over the next 12 month, as technology for highly credible voice cloning becomes more easily accessible.

**AI-Focused Cybersecurity Preparations**

Expect also to see more organizations in the APAC region looking for ways to better protect their data as they implement AI-enabled projects.

"Our customers are asking how they can get more value out of their data, while maintaining robust security, especially as they look to benefit from GenAI products like Microsoft Copilot," adds Max McNamara, vice president and managing director Australia and New Zealand at AvePoint.

"This starts with having secure, accessible data, ensuring you can scale with solutions that don't compromise your security posture, and rigorously adhering to increasingly complex regulatory standards," he says. APAC organizations will increasingly be looking to ensure their data is not just accessible, but also fundamentally secure within their borders, he notes.

Related:'Dubai Police' Lures Anchor Wave of UAE Mobile Attacks

"Our customers are asking how they can get more value out of their data, while maintaining robust security, especially as they look to benefit from GenAI products like Microsoft Copilot," McNamara says, adding that this starts with having secure, accessible data, ensuring you can scale with solutions that don't compromise your security posture, and rigorously adhering to increasingly complex regulatory standards.

**Quantum Projects Will Drive Increase in Harvest Now, Decrypt Later Attacks**

The growing number of quantum computing projects in the APAC region is likely going to fuel an increase in "harvest now, decrypt later" attacks as well. Such attacks involve adversaries collecting and storing currently encrypted data with the intention of decrypting it in the future, when quantum computers become powerful enough to break today's encryption standards. The attacks pose a significant threat to sensitive information that needs to remain secure for extended periods of time.

According to Fortune Business Insights, Asia Pacific is the fastest growing quantum computing market in the world, with multiple companies including IBM, Microsoft, Google, Alibaba, Baidu, JSR, and D-Wave systems currently involved in large regional quantum software and hardware projects. One example is a new quantum computing cloud platform that Alibaba has deployed in collaboration with the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Some quantum projects in the APAC region are happening at a national level, such as India's US-funded National Mission on Quantum Technologies & Applications, and Singapore's Quantum Engineering Programs.

Related:Governments, Telcos Ward Off China's Hacking Typhoons

"The advent of quantum computing threatens to render current encryption standards obsolete, risking exposure of sensitive data and compromising critical infrastructure," Lee says. "Quantum-resistant cryptography will gain traction as organizations prepare for future decryption threats."

Organizations in the APAC region should expect increased interest in harvest now, decrypt later attacks from a wide range of adversaries, including nation-state-backed threat actors, according to Palo Alto Networks' Green. The attacks will pose a threat to governments and businesses, civilian and military communications, critical infrastructure, and organizations developing quantum projects, Green said. Organizations concerned about the trend should develop a quantum resistant road map that includes deployment of quantum resistant tunnelling, stronger crypto libraries and quantum key distribution, according to Palo Alto Networks.

Richard Sorosina, chief technology security officer and vice president of solution architecture at Qualys' EMEA & APAC operations, believes that the fast-evolving and increasingly sophisticated nature of the APAC threat landscape will likely accelerate ongoing consolidation of security capabilities at many organizations in the region. He expects organizations will increasingly move toward a unified security platform approach that will provide both a centralized view of risk across the organization and mechanisms to remediate that risk when found. Many of these efforts will be "driven by a need to reduce complexity, increase operational efficiency, enhance detection and response capabilities, and reduce overall cost," Sorosina says.

**About the Author**

Jai Vijayan is a seasoned technology reporter with over 20 years of experience in IT trade journalism. He was most recently a Senior Editor at Computerworld, where he covered information security and data privacy issues for the publication. Over the course of his 20-year career at Computerworld, Jai also covered a variety of other technology topics, including big data, Hadoop, Internet of Things, e-voting, and data analytics. Prior to Computerworld, Jai covered technology issues for The Economic Times in Bangalore, India. Jai has a Master's degree in Statistics and lives in Naperville, Ill.

Deepfakes, Quantum Attacks Loom Over APAC in 2025

KrebsOnSecurity.com turns 15 years old today! Maybe it's indelicate to celebrate the birthday of a cybercrime blog that mostly publishes bad news, but happily many of 2024's most engrossing security stories were about bad things happening to bad guys. It's also an occasion to note that despite my publishing fewer stories than ever this past year, we somehow managed to attract near record levels of readership (thank you!).

Image: Shutterstock, Dreamansions.

KrebsOnSecurity.com turns 15 years old today! Maybe it’s indelicate to celebrate the birthday of a cybercrime blog that mostly publishes bad news, but happily many of 2024’s most engrossing security stories were about bad things happening to bad guys. It’s also an occasion to note that despite my publishing fewer stories than ever this past year, we somehow managed to attract near record levels of readership (thank you!).

In case you missed any of them, here’s a recap of 2024’s most-read stories. In January, KrebsOnSecurity told the story of a Canadian man who was falsely charged with larceny and lost his job after becoming the victim of a complex e-commerce scam known as triangulation fraud. This can occur when you buy something online — from a seller on **Amazon** or **eBay**, for example — but the seller doesn’t actually own the item for sale. Instead, they purchase the item using stolen payment card data and your shipping address. In this scam, you receive what you ordered, and the only party left to dispute the transaction is the owner of the stolen payment card.

Triangulation fraud. Image: eBay Enterprise.

March featured several investigations into the history of various people-search data broker services. One story exposed how the Belarusian CEO of the privacy and data removal service **OneRep** had actually founded dozens of people-search services, including many that OneRep was offering to remove people from for a fee. That story quickly prompted Mozilla to terminate its partnership with OneRep, which Mozilla had bundled as a privacy option for Firefox users.

A story digging into the consumer data broker **Radaris** found its CEO was a fabricated identity, and that the company’s founders were Russian brothers in Massachusetts who operated multiple Russian language dating services and affiliate programs, in addition to a dizzying array of people-search websites.

Radaris repeatedly threatened to sue KrebsOnSecurity unless that publication was retracted in full, alleging that it was replete with errors both factual and malicious. Instead, we doubled down and published all of the supporting evidence that wasn’t included in the original story, leaving little room for doubt about its conclusions. Fittingly, Radaris now pimps OneRep as a service when consumers request that their personal information be removed from the data broker’s website.

Easily the longest story this year was an investigation into Stark Industries Solutions, a large, mysterious new Internet hosting firm that materialized when Russia invaded Ukraine. That piece revealed how Stark was being used as a global proxy network to conceal the true source of cyberattacks and disinformation campaigns against enemies of Russia.

The homepage of Stark Industries Solutions.

Much of my summer was spent reporting a story about how advertising and marketing firms have created a global free-for-all where anyone can track the daily movements and associations of hundreds of millions of mobile devices, thanks to the ubiquity of mobile location data that is broadly and cheaply available.

Research published in September explored the dark nexus between harm groups and cybercrime communities consumed with perpetrating financial fraud. That analysis found an increasing number of young, Western cybercriminals are also members of fast-growing online groups that exist solely to bully, stalk, harass and extort vulnerable teens into physically harming themselves and others.

One focus of that story was a Canadian cybercriminal who used the nickname **Judische.** Identified by the Mandiant as one of the most consequential threat actors of 2024, Judische was responsible for a hacking rampage that exposed private information on hundreds of millions of Americans.  That story withheld Judische’s real name, but the reporting came in handy in late October when a 25-year-old Canadian man named Connor Riley Moucka was arrested and charged with 20 criminal counts connected to the Snowflake data extortions.

A surveillance photo of Connor Riley Moucka, a.k.a. “Judische” and “Waifu,” dated Oct 21, 2024, 9 days before Moucka’s arrest. This image was included in an affidavit filed by an investigator with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP).

In November, KrebsOnSecurity published a profile of Judische’s accomplice — a hacker known as **Kiberphant0m** — detailing how Kiberphant0m had left a trail of clues strongly suggesting that they are or recently were a U.S. Army soldier stationed in South Korea.

My reporting in December was mainly split between two investigations. The first profiled **Cryptomus**, a dodgy cryptocurrency exchange allegedly based in Canada that has become a major payment processor and sanctions evasion platform for dozens of Russian exchanges and cybercrime services online.

How to Lose a Fortune with Just One Bad Click told the sad tales of two cryptocurrency heist victims who were scammed out of six and seven figures after falling for complex social engineering schemes over the phone. In these attacks, the phishers abused at least four different Google services to trick targets into believing they were speaking with a Google representative, and into giving thieves control over their account with a single click. Look for a story here in early 2025 that will explore the internal operations of these ruthless and ephemeral voice phishing gangs.

Before signing off for 2024, allow me to remind readers that the reporting we’re able to provide here is made possible primarily by the ads you may see at the top of this website. If you currently don’t see any ads when you load this website, please consider enabling an exception in your ad blocker for KrebsOnSecurity.com. There is zero third-party content on this website, apart from the occasional Youtube video embedded as part of a story. More importantly, all of our ads are static images or GIFs that are vetted by me and served in-house directly.

Fundamentally, my work is supported and improved by _your_ _readership_, tips, encouragement and, yes, criticism. So thank you for that, and keep it coming, please.

Here’s to a happy, healthy, wealthy and wary 2025. Hope to see you all again in the New Year!

Happy 15th Anniversary, KrebsOnSecurity!

IN THIS ARTICLE, YOU WILL LEARN: NFT-focused news website NFTEvening and the NFT market’s data and analytics-based platform…

**IN THIS ARTICLE, YOU WILL LEARN:**

*   **Study Overview**: NFTEvening and Storible collaborated on a study to test whether AI, specifically Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, can recover missing cryptocurrency seed phrases by analyzing 85.7 million combinations using the BIP39 word list.

*   **AI’s Capabilities**: The neural network, trained for 30 days, achieved a prediction rate of 994,051 guesses per second. It could recover one missing word in 0.02 seconds, two words in 29 seconds, and three words in 2.28 hours. Recovery of up to four words required 178 hours, with recovery times increasing exponentially for more missing words.

*   **LSTM Functionality**: LSTMs are a type of RNN that excels in sequential data processing, using memory cells and gates to predict and complete patterns in text-like data, making them suitable for seed phrase prediction.

*   **Security of Crypto Seed Phrases**: Despite AI’s advancements, the massive number of possible seed phrase combinations makes it practically impossible for AI to recover enough words to breach cryptocurrency wallets. For example, cracking eight missing words would take 174 times the universe’s age.

*   **Conclusion and Disclaimer**: The study shows that AI is not a current threat to cryptocurrency seed phrase security if the phrase remains secret. However, these findings are based on current AI capabilities and computational limits.

NFT-focused news website NFTEvening and the NFT market’s data and analytics-based platform Storible collaborated to conduct a study to investigate whether powerful AI, specifically a type called Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), can crack cryptocurrency seed phrases. 

For this research, they analysed 85,714,285 seed phrase combinations using 2048 words from the BIP39 word list to determine the time it takes for AI to recover missing crypto seed phrases and the feasibility of LSTM networks in recovering lost or incomplete cryptocurrency phrases.

For this, a neural network was trained on a cloud-based server for 30 days to predict seed phrases and estimate recovery time. The model used LSTM architecture, achieving an average prediction rate of 994,051 guesses per second. The recovery time was analyzed using scenarios from one to twelve missing words.

The results showed that AI could retrieve one missing word in 0.02 seconds, two words in 29 seconds, three words in 2.28 hours, and up to four words in a max recovery time of 178. Moreover, AI can discover the correct seed phrase sequence of 12 words in just 8 minutes, whereas the time needed to recover 8 missing words from a seed phrase is 174 times longer than the universe’s current age.

****What is LSTM?****

For your information, a seed phrase is like a secret password for your cryptocurrency. It is a list of 12-24 words that gives you access to your digital wallet.

LSTM networks are Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) that excel in remembering information over extended sequences. They incorporate memory cells and gates to control information flow, allowing them to effectively learn and predict patterns in sequential data like text and time series.

****How LSTMs Work in Seed Phrase Recovery****

LSTMs can predict the next likely word in a sequence or complete missing words by observing patterns in known seed phrases. Memory cells store crucial information, with three gates – forget, input, and output – regulating the flow of information. The forget gate discards irrelevant information, the input gate determines new information, and the output gate controls the next word prediction.

The researchers tried to use this AI to guess missing words in seed phrases. They tested it on millions of possible combinations. They found that even with this powerful AI, it would take an incredibly long time, longer than the universe’s age, to guess enough words to steal someone’s cryptocurrency.

The research indicates that AI is not a threat to your cryptocurrency if you keep your seed phrase secret. While AI may eventually crack seed phrases, it is currently highly secure. Though LSTMs offer powerful capabilities for sequence learning, the sheer number of possible combinations and the inherent complexity of seed phrase structures make successful recovery highly improbable.

_**Disclaimer:** This analysis provides an estimate based on current AI capabilities and computational power._

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Study Finds AI Can Guess Crypto Seed Phrases in 0.02 Seconds

Secure Gaming during holidays is essential as cyberattacks rise by 50%. Protect accounts with 2FA, avoid fake promotions,…

Secure Gaming during holidays is essential as cyberattacks rise by 50%. Protect accounts with 2FA, avoid fake promotions, use secure downloads, and trust verified tools to enjoy safe, uninterrupted gameplay.

The holiday season is a time of joy for gamers, with more free time to play, exciting events, and in-game promotions. However, this festive period comes with higher risks of cyberattacks than any other period of the year.

Studies by Wowvendor, a company dealing in WoW services, indicate that hackers increase their activity by 50% during the holidays and especially prey on gamers via malware and phishing. This article will detail these risks and give some useful advice on how to enjoy gaming without compromising your account security.

****The Rise of Cyber Threats During Holidays****

The gaming community gets busy during the holidays. Unfortunately, cybercriminals find this an attractive target. The key reasons for increased risks are as follows:

*   **Increased player traffic** – A large consumer base of online gaming creates, in turn, more opportunities for hackers to exploit vulnerabilities.
*   **Attractive holiday promotions** – Many players get tricked into fake giveaways and deals, without knowing it compromises their data security.
*   **Malware in pirated games** – Most of the time, hackers put harmful software inside cracked versions of popular titles.

For instance, cybersecurity companies have informed that the number of phishing emails with “in-game rewards notifications” and “discount offers” have spiked around the times of past holiday seasons. These examples of threats put the importance of vigilance during peak gaming hours deeper into focus.

****Common Cyber Threats to Gamers****

Cyber threats range from gaming cyber attacks and data security incidents to DDoS attacks. This will likely impact some players more and possibly their performance during peak gaming periods. Understanding these dangers can help players stay protected:

****Fake add-ons, mods and Phishing schemes** **

Hacks through counterfeit mods are common in games such as World of Warcraft. Hackers distribute these infected mods using counterfeit mods and give the malware the chance to steal login credentials or infect the device they’re playing on. Additionally, fraudulent links and websites trick people into providing personal information or downloading malicious software.

****DDoS attacks** **

The gaming industry is seeing a lot of DDoS attacks (distributed denial of service attacks), wherein hacker group gets a network of infected devices (botnet) that perform a network DDoS attack to inundate a game server or a group of players with a massive amount of traffic. This overload disrupts the server or network connection and has broken the game so that normal users can’t even get in.

These attacks send many requests and place a heavy load onto the server. Hackers aim at certain players’ IP addresses and try to degrade their connection, or that of the player behind it, to give themselves an in-game advantage. This type of targeted interference disrupts competitive gameplay and can negatively impact a game’s experience for the player.

Additionally, the number of ransomware attacks against gaming accounts has risen as well. They involve locking players out of their accounts and asking for payment to access them. When you are faced with unfamiliar software or links, it’s best to stay awake and alert to risks.

****Best Practices for Secure Gaming****

A large number of cyber attacks on gamers can stem from unauthorized downloads, according to leading cyber security firm Kaspersky. To enjoy your games safely during the holidays, follow these cybersecurity tips:

*   **Download software from official sources** — Do not download games or updates from untrusted websites — they can hide malware.
*   **Use two-factor authentication (2FA)** — It simply gives you extra protection for your gaming accounts.
*   **Verify promotional offers** — Don’t accept offers that are simply too good even to be true. There are always official channels for you to confirm their legitimacy.
*   **Avoid cracked games** — First and foremost pirated games are illegal, and they’re dangerous for security reasons too.

Working with your use of strong, unique passwords across all your accounts, these measures can go a long way toward mitigating your risk of being victimized in this way.

****The Role of Gaming Companies****

Leading gaming companies have stepped up their efforts to combat cyber threats. Their initiatives include:

*   **Enhanced security systems** – AI detecting and blocking unusual activity on gaming networks.
*   **Regular updates and patches** – Time and time again, developers release updates to patch vulnerabilities, and protect players with updates.
*   **Player education** – Many platforms offer users a way of recognizing and preventing scammers.

For instance, World of Warcraft’s creators, Blizzard Entertainment, is constantly monitoring its ecosystem for threats and expelling them while at the same time urging players to use solutions, for example, 2FA. Machine learning has been introduced into other companies, such as Valve and Riot Games, in an attempt to detect possible hacking through in-game behaviours.

****Advanced Cybersecurity Tools for Gamers****

Gamers now have access to cutting-edge cybersecurity solutions tailored to safeguard their online experience:

*   **Gaming-optimized VPNs** – VPN services will make sure that you have safe, encrypted connections while reducing latency and optimizing the routing of the server. It shields against DDoS attacks and keeps the gameplay smooth.
*   **Anti-phishing extensions** – Google Safe Browsing and Microsoft Defender SmartScreen are tools that actively block malicious sites and alert players that a phishing page is attempting to lure them into a trick.
*   **Behavioural analytics and anti-cheat systems** – Dedicated platforms use machine learning to analyze login patterns and in-game behaviour, detecting anomalies like hacking or unauthorized access.
*   **DDoS mitigation services** – Distribution denial-of-service attacks that cause gaming servers to stop working are identified and neutralized by Cloudflare, Akamai Prolexic, and other companies that protect gaming servers so that gamers can continue enjoying online sessions uninterrupted.

With these state-of-the-art tools, gamers will be protected from changing threats, which will protect gaming for the holidays and beyond.

****Stay on the Safe Side****

The holiday season is a wonderful opportunity to connect with your favourite games and communities. While cyber threats do increase during this period, staying informed and adopting secure practices can protect your gaming experience. From using official platforms to enabling two-factor authentication, every step you take helps reduce risks.

Gaming companies are also playing their part by providing services and insights that enhance player safety. By working together and staying alert, gamers can fully embrace the holiday spirit, free from cybersecurity concerns.

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